1 | |
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2 | % ================================================================ |
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3 | % Chapter ——— Lateral Ocean Physics (LDF) |
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4 | % ================================================================ |
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5 | \chapter{Lateral Ocean Physics (LDF)} |
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6 | \label{LDF} |
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7 | \minitoc |
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8 | |
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9 | |
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10 | \newpage |
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11 | $\ $\newline % force a new ligne |
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12 | |
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13 | |
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14 | The lateral physics terms in the momentum and tracer equations have been |
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15 | described in \S\ref{PE_zdf} and their discrete formulation in \S\ref{TRA_ldf} |
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16 | and \S\ref{DYN_ldf}). In this section we further discuss each lateral physics option. |
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17 | Choosing one lateral physics scheme means for the user defining, |
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18 | (1) the type of operator used (laplacian or bilaplacian operators, or no lateral mixing term) ; |
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19 | (2) the direction along which the lateral diffusive fluxes are evaluated (model level, geopotential or isopycnal surfaces) ; and |
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20 | (3) the space and time variations of the eddy coefficients. |
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21 | These three aspects of the lateral diffusion are set through namelist parameters |
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22 | (see the \textit{\ngn{nam\_traldf}} and \textit{\ngn{nam\_dynldf}} below). |
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23 | Note that this chapter describes the standard implementation of iso-neutral |
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24 | tracer mixing, and Griffies's implementation, which is used if |
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25 | \np{traldf\_grif}=true, is described in Appdx\ref{sec:triad} |
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26 | |
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27 | %-----------------------------------nam_traldf - nam_dynldf-------------------------------------------- |
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28 | \namdisplay{namtra_ldf} |
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29 | \namdisplay{namdyn_ldf} |
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30 | %-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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31 | |
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32 | |
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33 | % ================================================================ |
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34 | % Direction of lateral Mixing |
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35 | % ================================================================ |
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36 | \section [Direction of Lateral Mixing (\textit{ldfslp})] |
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37 | {Direction of Lateral Mixing (\mdl{ldfslp})} |
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38 | \label{LDF_slp} |
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39 | |
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40 | %%% |
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41 | \gmcomment{ we should emphasize here that the implementation is a rather old one. |
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42 | Better work can be achieved by using \citet{Griffies_al_JPO98, Griffies_Bk04} iso-neutral scheme. } |
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43 | |
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44 | A direction for lateral mixing has to be defined when the desired operator does |
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45 | not act along the model levels. This occurs when $(a)$ horizontal mixing is |
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46 | required on tracer or momentum (\np{ln\_traldf\_hor} or \np{ln\_dynldf\_hor}) |
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47 | in $s$- or mixed $s$-$z$- coordinates, and $(b)$ isoneutral mixing is required |
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48 | whatever the vertical coordinate is. This direction of mixing is defined by its |
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49 | slopes in the \textbf{i}- and \textbf{j}-directions at the face of the cell of the |
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50 | quantity to be diffused. For a tracer, this leads to the following four slopes : |
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51 | $r_{1u}$, $r_{1w}$, $r_{2v}$, $r_{2w}$ (see \eqref{Eq_tra_ldf_iso}), while |
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52 | for momentum the slopes are $r_{1t}$, $r_{1uw}$, $r_{2f}$, $r_{2uw}$ for |
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53 | $u$ and $r_{1f}$, $r_{1vw}$, $r_{2t}$, $r_{2vw}$ for $v$. |
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54 | |
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55 | %gm% add here afigure of the slope in i-direction |
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56 | |
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57 | \subsection{slopes for tracer geopotential mixing in the $s$-coordinate} |
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58 | |
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59 | In $s$-coordinates, geopotential mixing ($i.e.$ horizontal mixing) $r_1$ and |
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60 | $r_2$ are the slopes between the geopotential and computational surfaces. |
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61 | Their discrete formulation is found by locally solving \eqref{Eq_tra_ldf_iso} |
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62 | when the diffusive fluxes in the three directions are set to zero and $T$ is |
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63 | assumed to be horizontally uniform, $i.e.$ a linear function of $z_T$, the |
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64 | depth of a $T$-point. |
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65 | %gm { Steven : My version is obviously wrong since I'm left with an arbitrary constant which is the local vertical temperature gradient} |
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66 | |
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67 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_ldfslp_geo} |
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68 | \begin{aligned} |
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69 | r_{1u} &= \frac{e_{3u}}{ \left( e_{1u}\;\overline{\overline{e_{3w}}}^{\,i+1/2,\,k} \right)} |
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70 | \;\delta_{i+1/2}[z_t] |
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71 | &\approx \frac{1}{e_{1u}}\; \delta_{i+1/2}[z_t] \ \ \ |
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72 | \\ |
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73 | r_{2v} &= \frac{e_{3v}}{\left( e_{2v}\;\overline{\overline{e_{3w}}}^{\,j+1/2,\,k} \right)} |
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74 | \;\delta_{j+1/2} [z_t] |
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75 | &\approx \frac{1}{e_{2v}}\; \delta_{j+1/2}[z_t] \ \ \ |
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76 | \\ |
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77 | r_{1w} &= \frac{1}{e_{1w}}\;\overline{\overline{\delta_{i+1/2}[z_t]}}^{\,i,\,k+1/2} |
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78 | &\approx \frac{1}{e_{1w}}\; \delta_{i+1/2}[z_{uw}] |
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79 | \\ |
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80 | r_{2w} &= \frac{1}{e_{2w}}\;\overline{\overline{\delta_{j+1/2}[z_t]}}^{\,j,\,k+1/2} |
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81 | &\approx \frac{1}{e_{2w}}\; \delta_{j+1/2}[z_{vw}] |
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82 | \\ |
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83 | \end{aligned} |
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84 | \end{equation} |
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85 | |
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86 | %gm% caution I'm not sure the simplification was a good idea! |
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87 | |
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88 | These slopes are computed once in \rou{ldfslp\_init} when \np{ln\_sco}=True, |
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89 | and either \np{ln\_traldf\_hor}=True or \np{ln\_dynldf\_hor}=True. |
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90 | |
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91 | \subsection{Slopes for tracer iso-neutral mixing}\label{LDF_slp_iso} |
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92 | In iso-neutral mixing $r_1$ and $r_2$ are the slopes between the iso-neutral |
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93 | and computational surfaces. Their formulation does not depend on the vertical |
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94 | coordinate used. Their discrete formulation is found using the fact that the |
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95 | diffusive fluxes of locally referenced potential density ($i.e.$ $in situ$ density) |
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96 | vanish. So, substituting $T$ by $\rho$ in \eqref{Eq_tra_ldf_iso} and setting the |
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97 | diffusive fluxes in the three directions to zero leads to the following definition for |
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98 | the neutral slopes: |
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99 | |
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100 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_ldfslp_iso} |
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101 | \begin{split} |
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102 | r_{1u} &= \frac{e_{3u}}{e_{1u}}\; \frac{\delta_{i+1/2}[\rho]} |
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103 | {\overline{\overline{\delta_{k+1/2}[\rho]}}^{\,i+1/2,\,k}} |
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104 | \\ |
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105 | r_{2v} &= \frac{e_{3v}}{e_{2v}}\; \frac{\delta_{j+1/2}\left[\rho \right]} |
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106 | {\overline{\overline{\delta_{k+1/2}[\rho]}}^{\,j+1/2,\,k}} |
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107 | \\ |
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108 | r_{1w} &= \frac{e_{3w}}{e_{1w}}\; |
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109 | \frac{\overline{\overline{\delta_{i+1/2}[\rho]}}^{\,i,\,k+1/2}} |
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110 | {\delta_{k+1/2}[\rho]} |
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111 | \\ |
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112 | r_{2w} &= \frac{e_{3w}}{e_{2w}}\; |
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113 | \frac{\overline{\overline{\delta_{j+1/2}[\rho]}}^{\,j,\,k+1/2}} |
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114 | {\delta_{k+1/2}[\rho]} |
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115 | \\ |
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116 | \end{split} |
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117 | \end{equation} |
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118 | |
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119 | %gm% rewrite this as the explanation is not very clear !!! |
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120 | %In practice, \eqref{Eq_ldfslp_iso} is of little help in evaluating the neutral surface slopes. Indeed, for an unsimplified equation of state, the density has a strong dependancy on pressure (here approximated as the depth), therefore applying \eqref{Eq_ldfslp_iso} using the $in situ$ density, $\rho$, computed at T-points leads to a flattening of slopes as the depth increases. This is due to the strong increase of the $in situ$ density with depth. |
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121 | |
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122 | %By definition, neutral surfaces are tangent to the local $in situ$ density \citep{McDougall1987}, therefore in \eqref{Eq_ldfslp_iso}, all the derivatives have to be evaluated at the same local pressure (which in decibars is approximated by the depth in meters). |
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123 | |
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124 | %In the $z$-coordinate, the derivative of the \eqref{Eq_ldfslp_iso} numerator is evaluated at the same depth \nocite{as what?} ($T$-level, which is the same as the $u$- and $v$-levels), so the $in situ$ density can be used for its evaluation. |
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125 | |
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126 | As the mixing is performed along neutral surfaces, the gradient of $\rho$ in |
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127 | \eqref{Eq_ldfslp_iso} has to be evaluated at the same local pressure (which, |
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128 | in decibars, is approximated by the depth in meters in the model). Therefore |
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129 | \eqref{Eq_ldfslp_iso} cannot be used as such, but further transformation is |
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130 | needed depending on the vertical coordinate used: |
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131 | |
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132 | \begin{description} |
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133 | |
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134 | \item[$z$-coordinate with full step : ] in \eqref{Eq_ldfslp_iso} the densities |
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135 | appearing in the $i$ and $j$ derivatives are taken at the same depth, thus |
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136 | the $in situ$ density can be used. This is not the case for the vertical |
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137 | derivatives: $\delta_{k+1/2}[\rho]$ is replaced by $-\rho N^2/g$, where $N^2$ |
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138 | is the local Brunt-Vais\"{a}l\"{a} frequency evaluated following |
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139 | \citet{McDougall1987} (see \S\ref{TRA_bn2}). |
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140 | |
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141 | \item[$z$-coordinate with partial step : ] this case is identical to the full step |
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142 | case except that at partial step level, the \emph{horizontal} density gradient |
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143 | is evaluated as described in \S\ref{TRA_zpshde}. |
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144 | |
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145 | \item[$s$- or hybrid $s$-$z$- coordinate : ] in the current release of \NEMO, |
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146 | iso-neutral mixing is only employed for $s$-coordinates if the |
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147 | Griffies scheme is used (\np{traldf\_grif}=true; see Appdx \ref{sec:triad}). |
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148 | In other words, iso-neutral mixing will only be accurately represented with a |
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149 | linear equation of state (\np{nn\_eos}=1 or 2). In the case of a "true" equation |
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150 | of state, the evaluation of $i$ and $j$ derivatives in \eqref{Eq_ldfslp_iso} |
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151 | will include a pressure dependent part, leading to the wrong evaluation of |
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152 | the neutral slopes. |
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153 | |
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154 | %gm% |
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155 | Note: The solution for $s$-coordinate passes trough the use of different |
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156 | (and better) expression for the constraint on iso-neutral fluxes. Following |
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157 | \citet{Griffies_Bk04}, instead of specifying directly that there is a zero neutral |
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158 | diffusive flux of locally referenced potential density, we stay in the $T$-$S$ |
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159 | plane and consider the balance between the neutral direction diffusive fluxes |
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160 | of potential temperature and salinity: |
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161 | \begin{equation} |
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162 | \alpha \ \textbf{F}(T) = \beta \ \textbf{F}(S) |
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163 | \end{equation} |
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164 | %gm{ where vector F is ....} |
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165 | |
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166 | This constraint leads to the following definition for the slopes: |
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167 | |
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168 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_ldfslp_iso2} |
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169 | \begin{split} |
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170 | r_{1u} &= \frac{e_{3u}}{e_{1u}}\; \frac |
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171 | {\alpha_u \;\delta_{i+1/2}[T] - \beta_u \;\delta_{i+1/2}[S]} |
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172 | {\alpha_u \;\overline{\overline{\delta_{k+1/2}[T]}}^{\,i+1/2,\,k} |
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173 | -\beta_u \;\overline{\overline{\delta_{k+1/2}[S]}}^{\,i+1/2,\,k} } |
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174 | \\ |
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175 | r_{2v} &= \frac{e_{3v}}{e_{2v}}\; \frac |
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176 | {\alpha_v \;\delta_{j+1/2}[T] - \beta_v \;\delta_{j+1/2}[S]} |
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177 | {\alpha_v \;\overline{\overline{\delta_{k+1/2}[T]}}^{\,j+1/2,\,k} |
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178 | -\beta_v \;\overline{\overline{\delta_{k+1/2}[S]}}^{\,j+1/2,\,k} } |
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179 | \\ |
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180 | r_{1w} &= \frac{e_{3w}}{e_{1w}}\; \frac |
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181 | {\alpha_w \;\overline{\overline{\delta_{i+1/2}[T]}}^{\,i,\,k+1/2} |
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182 | -\beta_w \;\overline{\overline{\delta_{i+1/2}[S]}}^{\,i,\,k+1/2} } |
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183 | {\alpha_w \;\delta_{k+1/2}[T] - \beta_w \;\delta_{k+1/2}[S]} |
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184 | \\ |
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185 | r_{2w} &= \frac{e_{3w}}{e_{2w}}\; \frac |
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186 | {\alpha_w \;\overline{\overline{\delta_{j+1/2}[T]}}^{\,j,\,k+1/2} |
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187 | -\beta_w \;\overline{\overline{\delta_{j+1/2}[S]}}^{\,j,\,k+1/2} } |
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188 | {\alpha_w \;\delta_{k+1/2}[T] - \beta_w \;\delta_{k+1/2}[S]} |
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189 | \\ |
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190 | \end{split} |
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191 | \end{equation} |
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192 | where $\alpha$ and $\beta$, the thermal expansion and saline contraction |
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193 | coefficients introduced in \S\ref{TRA_bn2}, have to be evaluated at the three |
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194 | velocity points. In order to save computation time, they should be approximated |
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195 | by the mean of their values at $T$-points (for example in the case of $\alpha$: |
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196 | $\alpha_u=\overline{\alpha_T}^{i+1/2}$, $\alpha_v=\overline{\alpha_T}^{j+1/2}$ |
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197 | and $\alpha_w=\overline{\alpha_T}^{k+1/2}$). |
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198 | |
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199 | Note that such a formulation could be also used in the $z$-coordinate and |
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200 | $z$-coordinate with partial steps cases. |
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201 | |
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202 | \end{description} |
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203 | |
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204 | This implementation is a rather old one. It is similar to the one |
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205 | proposed by Cox [1987], except for the background horizontal |
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206 | diffusion. Indeed, the Cox implementation of isopycnal diffusion in |
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207 | GFDL-type models requires a minimum background horizontal diffusion |
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208 | for numerical stability reasons. To overcome this problem, several |
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209 | techniques have been proposed in which the numerical schemes of the |
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210 | ocean model are modified \citep{Weaver_Eby_JPO97, |
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211 | Griffies_al_JPO98}. Griffies's scheme is now available in \NEMO if |
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212 | \np{traldf\_grif\_iso} is set true; see Appdx \ref{sec:triad}. Here, |
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213 | another strategy is presented \citep{Lazar_PhD97}: a local |
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214 | filtering of the iso-neutral slopes (made on 9 grid-points) prevents |
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215 | the development of grid point noise generated by the iso-neutral |
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216 | diffusion operator (Fig.~\ref{Fig_LDF_ZDF1}). This allows an |
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217 | iso-neutral diffusion scheme without additional background horizontal |
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218 | mixing. This technique can be viewed as a diffusion operator that acts |
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219 | along large-scale (2~$\Delta$x) \gmcomment{2deltax doesnt seem very |
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220 | large scale} iso-neutral surfaces. The diapycnal diffusion required |
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221 | for numerical stability is thus minimized and its net effect on the |
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222 | flow is quite small when compared to the effect of an horizontal |
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223 | background mixing. |
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224 | |
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225 | Nevertheless, this iso-neutral operator does not ensure that variance cannot increase, |
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226 | contrary to the \citet{Griffies_al_JPO98} operator which has that property. |
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227 | |
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228 | %>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |
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229 | \begin{figure}[!ht] \begin{center} |
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230 | \includegraphics[width=0.70\textwidth]{./TexFiles/Figures/Fig_LDF_ZDF1.pdf} |
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231 | \caption { \label{Fig_LDF_ZDF1} |
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232 | averaging procedure for isopycnal slope computation.} |
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233 | \end{center} \end{figure} |
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234 | %>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |
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235 | |
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236 | %There are three additional questions about the slope calculation. |
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237 | %First the expression for the rotation tensor has been obtain assuming the "small slope" approximation, so a bound has to be imposed on slopes. |
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238 | %Second, numerical stability issues also require a bound on slopes. |
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239 | %Third, the question of boundary condition specified on slopes... |
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240 | |
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241 | %from griffies: chapter 13.1.... |
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242 | |
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243 | |
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244 | |
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245 | % In addition and also for numerical stability reasons \citep{Cox1987, Griffies_Bk04}, |
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246 | % the slopes are bounded by $1/100$ everywhere. This limit is decreasing linearly |
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247 | % to zero fom $70$ meters depth and the surface (the fact that the eddies "feel" the |
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248 | % surface motivates this flattening of isopycnals near the surface). |
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249 | |
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250 | For numerical stability reasons \citep{Cox1987, Griffies_Bk04}, the slopes must also |
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251 | be bounded by $1/100$ everywhere. This constraint is applied in a piecewise linear |
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252 | fashion, increasing from zero at the surface to $1/100$ at $70$ metres and thereafter |
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253 | decreasing to zero at the bottom of the ocean. (the fact that the eddies "feel" the |
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254 | surface motivates this flattening of isopycnals near the surface). |
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255 | |
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256 | %>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |
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257 | \begin{figure}[!ht] \begin{center} |
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258 | \includegraphics[width=0.70\textwidth]{./TexFiles/Figures/Fig_eiv_slp.pdf} |
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259 | \caption { \label{Fig_eiv_slp} |
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260 | Vertical profile of the slope used for lateral mixing in the mixed layer : |
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261 | \textit{(a)} in the real ocean the slope is the iso-neutral slope in the ocean interior, |
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262 | which has to be adjusted at the surface boundary (i.e. it must tend to zero at the |
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263 | surface since there is no mixing across the air-sea interface: wall boundary |
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264 | condition). Nevertheless, the profile between the surface zero value and the interior |
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265 | iso-neutral one is unknown, and especially the value at the base of the mixed layer ; |
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266 | \textit{(b)} profile of slope using a linear tapering of the slope near the surface and |
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267 | imposing a maximum slope of 1/100 ; \textit{(c)} profile of slope actually used in |
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268 | \NEMO: a linear decrease of the slope from zero at the surface to its ocean interior |
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269 | value computed just below the mixed layer. Note the huge change in the slope at the |
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270 | base of the mixed layer between \textit{(b)} and \textit{(c)}.} |
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271 | \end{center} \end{figure} |
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272 | %>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |
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273 | |
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274 | \colorbox{yellow}{add here a discussion about the flattening of the slopes, vs tapering the coefficient.} |
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275 | |
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276 | \subsection{slopes for momentum iso-neutral mixing} |
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277 | |
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278 | The iso-neutral diffusion operator on momentum is the same as the one used on |
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279 | tracers but applied to each component of the velocity separately (see |
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280 | \eqref{Eq_dyn_ldf_iso} in section~\ref{DYN_ldf_iso}). The slopes between the |
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281 | surface along which the diffusion operator acts and the surface of computation |
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282 | ($z$- or $s$-surfaces) are defined at $T$-, $f$-, and \textit{uw}- points for the |
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283 | $u$-component, and $T$-, $f$- and \textit{vw}- points for the $v$-component. |
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284 | They are computed from the slopes used for tracer diffusion, $i.e.$ |
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285 | \eqref{Eq_ldfslp_geo} and \eqref{Eq_ldfslp_iso} : |
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286 | |
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287 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_ldfslp_dyn} |
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288 | \begin{aligned} |
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289 | &r_{1t}\ \ = \overline{r_{1u}}^{\,i} &&& r_{1f}\ \ &= \overline{r_{1u}}^{\,i+1/2} \\ |
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290 | &r_{2f} \ \ = \overline{r_{2v}}^{\,j+1/2} &&& r_{2t}\ &= \overline{r_{2v}}^{\,j} \\ |
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291 | &r_{1uw} = \overline{r_{1w}}^{\,i+1/2} &&\ \ \text{and} \ \ & r_{1vw}&= \overline{r_{1w}}^{\,j+1/2} \\ |
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292 | &r_{2uw}= \overline{r_{2w}}^{\,j+1/2} &&& r_{2vw}&= \overline{r_{2w}}^{\,j+1/2}\\ |
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293 | \end{aligned} |
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294 | \end{equation} |
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295 | |
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296 | The major issue remaining is in the specification of the boundary conditions. |
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297 | The same boundary conditions are chosen as those used for lateral |
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298 | diffusion along model level surfaces, i.e. using the shear computed along |
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299 | the model levels and with no additional friction at the ocean bottom (see |
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300 | {\S\ref{LBC_coast}). |
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301 | |
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302 | |
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303 | % ================================================================ |
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304 | % Lateral Mixing Operator |
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305 | % ================================================================ |
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306 | \section [Lateral Mixing Operators (\textit{ldftra}, \textit{ldfdyn})] |
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307 | {Lateral Mixing Operators (\mdl{traldf}, \mdl{traldf}) } |
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308 | \label{LDF_op} |
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309 | |
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310 | |
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311 | |
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312 | % ================================================================ |
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313 | % Lateral Mixing Coefficients |
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314 | % ================================================================ |
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315 | \section [Lateral Mixing Coefficient (\textit{ldftra}, \textit{ldfdyn})] |
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316 | {Lateral Mixing Coefficient (\mdl{ldftra}, \mdl{ldfdyn}) } |
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317 | \label{LDF_coef} |
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318 | |
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319 | Introducing a space variation in the lateral eddy mixing coefficients changes |
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320 | the model core memory requirement, adding up to four extra three-dimensional |
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321 | arrays for the geopotential or isopycnal second order operator applied to |
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322 | momentum. Six CPP keys control the space variation of eddy coefficients: |
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323 | three for momentum and three for tracer. The three choices allow: |
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324 | a space variation in the three space directions (\key{traldf\_c3d}, \key{dynldf\_c3d}), |
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325 | in the horizontal plane (\key{traldf\_c2d}, \key{dynldf\_c2d}), |
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326 | or in the vertical only (\key{traldf\_c1d}, \key{dynldf\_c1d}). |
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327 | The default option is a constant value over the whole ocean on both momentum and tracers. |
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328 | |
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329 | The number of additional arrays that have to be defined and the gridpoint |
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330 | position at which they are defined depend on both the space variation chosen |
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331 | and the type of operator used. The resulting eddy viscosity and diffusivity |
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332 | coefficients can be a function of more than one variable. Changes in the |
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333 | computer code when switching from one option to another have been |
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334 | minimized by introducing the eddy coefficients as statement functions |
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335 | (include file \hf{ldftra\_substitute} and \hf{ldfdyn\_substitute}). The functions |
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336 | are replaced by their actual meaning during the preprocessing step (CPP). |
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337 | The specification of the space variation of the coefficient is made in |
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338 | \mdl{ldftra} and \mdl{ldfdyn}, or more precisely in include files |
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339 | \textit{traldf\_cNd.h90} and \textit{dynldf\_cNd.h90}, with N=1, 2 or 3. |
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340 | The user can modify these include files as he/she wishes. The way the |
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341 | mixing coefficient are set in the reference version can be briefly described |
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342 | as follows: |
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343 | |
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344 | \subsubsection{Constant Mixing Coefficients (default option)} |
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345 | When none of the \textbf{key\_dynldf\_...} and \textbf{key\_traldf\_...} keys are |
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346 | defined, a constant value is used over the whole ocean for momentum and |
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347 | tracers, which is specified through the \np{rn\_ahm0} and \np{rn\_aht0} namelist |
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348 | parameters. |
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349 | |
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350 | \subsubsection{Vertically varying Mixing Coefficients (\key{traldf\_c1d} and \key{dynldf\_c1d})} |
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351 | The 1D option is only available when using the $z$-coordinate with full step. |
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352 | Indeed in all the other types of vertical coordinate, the depth is a 3D function |
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353 | of (\textbf{i},\textbf{j},\textbf{k}) and therefore, introducing depth-dependent |
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354 | mixing coefficients will require 3D arrays. In the 1D option, a hyperbolic variation |
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355 | of the lateral mixing coefficient is introduced in which the surface value is |
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356 | \np{rn\_aht0} (\np{rn\_ahm0}), the bottom value is 1/4 of the surface value, |
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357 | and the transition takes place around z=300~m with a width of 300~m |
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358 | ($i.e.$ both the depth and the width of the inflection point are set to 300~m). |
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359 | This profile is hard coded in file \hf{traldf\_c1d}, but can be easily modified by users. |
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360 | |
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361 | \subsubsection{Horizontally Varying Mixing Coefficients (\key{traldf\_c2d} and \key{dynldf\_c2d})} |
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362 | By default the horizontal variation of the eddy coefficient depends on the local mesh |
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363 | size and the type of operator used: |
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364 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_title} |
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365 | A_l = \left\{ |
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366 | \begin{aligned} |
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367 | & \frac{\max(e_1,e_2)}{e_{max}} A_o^l & \text{for laplacian operator } \\ |
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368 | & \frac{\max(e_1,e_2)^{3}}{e_{max}^{3}} A_o^l & \text{for bilaplacian operator } |
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369 | \end{aligned} \right. |
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370 | \end{equation} |
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371 | where $e_{max}$ is the maximum of $e_1$ and $e_2$ taken over the whole masked |
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372 | ocean domain, and $A_o^l$ is the \np{rn\_ahm0} (momentum) or \np{rn\_aht0} (tracer) |
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373 | namelist parameter. This variation is intended to reflect the lesser need for subgrid |
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374 | scale eddy mixing where the grid size is smaller in the domain. It was introduced in |
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375 | the context of the DYNAMO modelling project \citep{Willebrand_al_PO01}. |
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376 | Note that such a grid scale dependance of mixing coefficients significantly increase |
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377 | the range of stability of model configurations presenting large changes in grid pacing |
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378 | such as global ocean models. Indeed, in such a case, a constant mixing coefficient |
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379 | can lead to a blow up of the model due to large coefficient compare to the smallest |
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380 | grid size (see \S\ref{STP_forward_imp}), especially when using a bilaplacian operator. |
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381 | |
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382 | Other formulations can be introduced by the user for a given configuration. |
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383 | For example, in the ORCA2 global ocean model (see Configurations), the laplacian |
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384 | viscosity operator uses \np{rn\_ahm0}~= 4.10$^4$ m$^2$/s poleward of 20$^{\circ}$ |
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385 | north and south and decreases linearly to \np{rn\_aht0}~= 2.10$^3$ m$^2$/s |
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386 | at the equator \citep{Madec_al_JPO96, Delecluse_Madec_Bk00}. This modification |
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387 | can be found in routine \rou{ldf\_dyn\_c2d\_orca} defined in \mdl{ldfdyn\_c2d}. |
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388 | Similar modified horizontal variations can be found with the Antarctic or Arctic |
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389 | sub-domain options of ORCA2 and ORCA05 (see \&namcfg namelist). |
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390 | |
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391 | \subsubsection{Space Varying Mixing Coefficients (\key{traldf\_c3d} and \key{dynldf\_c3d})} |
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392 | |
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393 | The 3D space variation of the mixing coefficient is simply the combination of the |
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394 | 1D and 2D cases, $i.e.$ a hyperbolic tangent variation with depth associated with |
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395 | a grid size dependence of the magnitude of the coefficient. |
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396 | |
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397 | \subsubsection{Space and Time Varying Mixing Coefficients} |
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398 | |
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399 | There are no default specifications of space and time varying mixing coefficient. One |
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400 | available case is specific to the ORCA2 and ORCA05 global ocean configurations. It |
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401 | provides only a tracer mixing coefficient for eddy induced velocity (ORCA2) or both |
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402 | iso-neutral and eddy induced velocity (ORCA05) that depends on the local growth rate of |
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403 | baroclinic instability. This specification is actually used when an ORCA key |
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404 | and both \key{traldf\_eiv} and \key{traldf\_c2d} are defined. |
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405 | |
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406 | \subsubsection{Smagorinsky viscosity (\np{nn\_ahm\_ijk\_t}=32)} |
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407 | |
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408 | Setting \np{nn\_ahm\_ijk\_t}=32 activates a 3D, time-varying viscosity that depends on the |
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409 | resolved motions. Three control parameters are described in the following sections which |
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410 | may be set in \textit{\ngn{namdyn\_ldf}}. Following \citep{Smagorinsky_93} and |
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411 | \citep{Griffies_Hallberg_MWR00} the viscosity coefficient is set proportional to a local |
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412 | deformation rate based on the horizontal shear and tension, namely: |
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413 | |
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414 | \begin{equation} |
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415 | A_{hm} = \left(\frac{{\sf C_{Smag}}}{\pi}\right)^2L^2\vert{D}\vert |
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416 | \end{equation} |
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417 | where $D$ is the deformation rate and $L$ is the local gridscale given by: |
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418 | \begin{equation} |
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419 | L = \frac{2{e_1} {e_2}}{\left ( {e_1} + {e_2} \right )} |
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420 | \end{equation} |
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421 | In orthogonal curvilinear coordinate, we have the tension and shearing strains ($D_T$ and $D_S$) given by |
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422 | \begin{equation} |
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423 | \begin{split} \label{EVP_strain} |
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424 | D_T &= \frac{e_2}{e_1} \,\frac{\partial}{\partial i} \left( \frac{u} {e_2} \right) |
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425 | - \frac{e_1}{e_2} \,\frac{\partial}{\partial j} \left( \frac{v} {e_1} \right) \\ |
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426 | D_S &= \frac{e_1}{e_2} \,\frac{\partial}{\partial j} \left( \frac{u} {e_1} \right) |
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427 | + \frac{e_2}{e_1} \,\frac{\partial}{\partial i} \left( \frac{v} {e_2} \right) \\ |
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428 | \end{split} \end{equation} |
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429 | and the deformation rate, $D$, is given by: |
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430 | \begin{equation} |
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431 | D = \sqrt{ {D_T}^2 + {D_S}^2 } |
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432 | \end{equation} |
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433 | On an Arakawa C-grid, $D_T$ is naturally defined at $t$-points and $D_S$ at $f$-points. |
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434 | Their discretizations are: |
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435 | \begin{equation} \label{VP_strain_discrete} \begin{split} |
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436 | % |
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437 | {D_T} &\equiv \frac{1}{e_{1t} e_{2t}} \left( e_{2t}^2 \,\delta_i |
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438 | \left[ \frac{u}{e_{2u}} \right] |
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439 | - e_{1t}^2 \,\delta_j \left[ \frac{v}{e_{1v}} \right] \right) \\ |
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440 | % |
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441 | {D_S} &\equiv \frac{1}{e_{1f} e_{2f}} \left( e_{1f}^2 \,\delta_{j+1/2} |
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442 | \left[ \frac{u}{e_{1u}} \right] |
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443 | - e_{2f}^2 \,\delta_{i+1/2} \left[ \frac{v}{e_{2v}} \right] \right) |
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444 | \end{split} \end{equation} |
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445 | The deformation rate, $D$ needs to be defined at both $t$-points and $f$-points: |
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446 | \begin{equation} \begin{split} |
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447 | D_t &= \sqrt{ {D_T}^2 + \overline{ \overline{ {D_S}^2 }}^{\,i,\,j} \, } \\ |
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448 | D_f &= \sqrt{ \overline{ \overline{ {D_T}^2 }}^{\,i,\,j} + {D_S}^2 \, } |
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449 | \end{split} \end{equation} |
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450 | |
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451 | \citep{Griffies_Hallberg_MWR00} suggest values in the range 2.2 to 4.0 of the coefficient |
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452 | $\sf C_{Smag}$ for oceanic flows. This value is set via the \np{rn\_csmc} namelist |
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453 | parameter. The same reference also derives the numerical stability criteria that suggest |
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454 | the calculated viscosity should be bounded according to the following: |
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455 | |
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456 | \begin{equation} |
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457 | { \vert U \vert L\over 2} \leq A_{hm} \leq {L^2 \over 4 (2\Delta t)} |
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458 | \end{equation} |
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459 | which differ from \citep{Griffies_Hallberg_MWR00} only in the explicit acknowledgement of |
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460 | the time interval as $2\Delta t$ to reflect the LeapFrog scheme used in NEMO. These |
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461 | bounds are imposed on the coefficients calculated at T and F points with the speed |
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462 | calculated using the appropriate average of the squares of the surrounding velocities. |
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463 | |
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464 | Some flexibility in these bounds may be appropriate in certain situations. For example, |
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465 | when modelling the equatorial region the presence of a strong equatorial current may |
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466 | impose a higher lower bound than is desirable or strictly necessary. Flexability is |
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467 | provided via two extra namelist parameters which can be used to adjust either or both |
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468 | bounds by constant factors. These parameters are: \np{rn\_minfac} and \np{rn\_maxfac}. |
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469 | Their default values are 1.0 which provide the exact bounds specified above but values |
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470 | other than 1.0 will adjust the bounds according to: |
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471 | |
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472 | \begin{equation} |
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473 | \np{rn\_minfac} \times { \vert U \vert L\over 2} \leq A_{hm} \leq |
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474 | {L^2 \over 8 \Delta t} \times \np{rn\_maxfac} |
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475 | \end{equation} |
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476 | |
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477 | \bigskip |
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478 | |
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479 | When $ln\_dynldf\_bilap = .true.$, a biharmonic version of the Smagorinsky viscosity is |
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480 | also available which sets a coefficient for the biharmonic viscosity ( following |
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481 | \citep{Griffies_Hallberg_MWR00}) as: |
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482 | |
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483 | \begin{equation}\begin{split} |
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484 | B_{hm} &= \left(\frac{{\sf C_{Smag}}}{\pi}\right)^2 {L^4\over 8}\vert{D}\vert \\ |
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485 | &= A_{hm} {L^2\over 8} |
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486 | \end{split}\end{equation} |
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487 | where $A_{hm}$ is the laplacian form of the Smagorinsky viscosity. This coefficient is |
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488 | computed from the laplacian values with bounds already applied so the effective bounds on |
---|
489 | $B_{hm}$ would be: |
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490 | \begin{equation} |
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491 | \np{rn\_minfac} \times { \vert U \vert L^3\over 16} \leq B_{hm} \leq |
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492 | {L^4 \over 32 \Delta t} \times \np{rn\_maxfac} |
---|
493 | \end{equation} |
---|
494 | but this lower limit does not reflect the behaviour of the 4th order advection schemes |
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495 | available in NEMO that have a diffusive component with a biharmonic operator whose eddy |
---|
496 | coefficient is equivalent to: |
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497 | \begin{equation} |
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498 | { \vert U \vert L^3\over 12} |
---|
499 | \end{equation} |
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500 | (see equation \eqref{Eq_traadv_ubs2} and surrounding discussion). A safer lower bound for |
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501 | the biharmonic Smagorinsky eddy coefficient in NEMO is therefore implemented by |
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502 | introducing a hard-coded multiplier of $4/3$ to the lower bound such that the bounds on |
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503 | the biharmonic coefficient are: |
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504 | \begin{equation} |
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505 | \np{rn\_minfac} \times { \vert U \vert L^3\over 12} \leq B_{hm} \leq |
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506 | {L^4 \over 32 \Delta t} \times \np{rn\_maxfac} |
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507 | \end{equation} |
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508 | Note that the bilaplacian operator is implemented as a re-entrant laplacian |
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509 | which means the actual values of the coefficient returned by \np{ldf\_dyn} in the |
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510 | biharmonic case are $\sqrt{B_{hm}}$. |
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511 | |
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512 | $\ $\newline % force a new ligne |
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513 | |
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514 | The following points are relevant when the eddy coefficient varies spatially: |
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515 | |
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516 | (1) the momentum diffusion operator acting along model level surfaces is |
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517 | written in terms of curl and divergent components of the horizontal current |
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518 | (see \S\ref{PE_ldf}). Although the eddy coefficient could be set to different values |
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519 | in these two terms, this option is not currently available. |
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520 | |
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521 | (2) with an horizontally varying viscosity, the quadratic integral constraints |
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522 | on enstrophy and on the square of the horizontal divergence for operators |
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523 | acting along model-surfaces are no longer satisfied |
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524 | (Appendix~\ref{Apdx_dynldf_properties}). |
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525 | |
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526 | (3) for isopycnal diffusion on momentum or tracers, an additional purely |
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527 | horizontal background diffusion with uniform coefficient can be added by |
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528 | setting a non zero value of \np{rn\_ahmb0} or \np{rn\_ahtb0}, a background horizontal |
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529 | eddy viscosity or diffusivity coefficient (namelist parameters whose default |
---|
530 | values are $0$). However, the technique used to compute the isopycnal |
---|
531 | slopes is intended to get rid of such a background diffusion, since it introduces |
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532 | spurious diapycnal diffusion (see {\S\ref{LDF_slp}). |
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533 | |
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534 | (4) when an eddy induced advection term is used (\key{traldf\_eiv}), $A^{eiv}$, |
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535 | the eddy induced coefficient has to be defined. Its space variations are controlled |
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536 | by the same CPP variable as for the eddy diffusivity coefficient ($i.e.$ |
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537 | \textbf{key\_traldf\_cNd}). |
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538 | |
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539 | (5) the eddy coefficient associated with a biharmonic operator must be set to a \emph{negative} value. |
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540 | |
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541 | (6) it is not possible to use both the laplacian and biharmonic operators concurrently. |
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542 | |
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543 | (7) it is possible to run without explicit lateral diffusion on momentum (\np{ln\_dynldf\_lap} = |
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544 | \np{ln\_dynldf\_bilap} = false). This is recommended when using the UBS advection |
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545 | scheme on momentum (\np{ln\_dynadv\_ubs} = true, see \ref{DYN_adv_ubs}) |
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546 | and can be useful for testing purposes. |
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547 | |
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548 | % ================================================================ |
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549 | % Eddy Induced Mixing |
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550 | % ================================================================ |
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551 | \section [Eddy Induced Velocity (\textit{traadv\_eiv}, \textit{ldfeiv})] |
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552 | {Eddy Induced Velocity (\mdl{traadv\_eiv}, \mdl{ldfeiv})} |
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553 | \label{LDF_eiv} |
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554 | |
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555 | %%gm from Triad appendix : to be incorporated.... |
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556 | \gmcomment{ |
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557 | Values of iso-neutral diffusivity and GM coefficient are set as |
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558 | described in \S\ref{LDF_coef}. If none of the keys \key{traldf\_cNd}, |
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559 | N=1,2,3 is set (the default), spatially constant iso-neutral $A_l$ and |
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560 | GM diffusivity $A_e$ are directly set by \np{rn\_aeih\_0} and |
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561 | \np{rn\_aeiv\_0}. If 2D-varying coefficients are set with |
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562 | \key{traldf\_c2d} then $A_l$ is reduced in proportion with horizontal |
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563 | scale factor according to \eqref{Eq_title} \footnote{Except in global ORCA |
---|
564 | $0.5^{\circ}$ runs with \key{traldf\_eiv}, where |
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565 | $A_l$ is set like $A_e$ but with a minimum vale of |
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566 | $100\;\mathrm{m}^2\;\mathrm{s}^{-1}$}. In idealised setups with |
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567 | \key{traldf\_c2d}, $A_e$ is reduced similarly, but if \key{traldf\_eiv} |
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568 | is set in the global configurations with \key{traldf\_c2d}, a horizontally varying $A_e$ is |
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569 | instead set from the Held-Larichev parameterisation\footnote{In this |
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570 | case, $A_e$ at low latitudes $|\theta|<20^{\circ}$ is further |
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571 | reduced by a factor $|f/f_{20}|$, where $f_{20}$ is the value of $f$ |
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572 | at $20^{\circ}$~N} (\mdl{ldfeiv}) and \np{rn\_aeiv\_0} is ignored |
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573 | unless it is zero. |
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574 | } |
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575 | |
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576 | When Gent and McWilliams [1990] diffusion is used (\key{traldf\_eiv} defined), |
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577 | an eddy induced tracer advection term is added, the formulation of which |
---|
578 | depends on the slopes of iso-neutral surfaces. Contrary to the case of iso-neutral |
---|
579 | mixing, the slopes used here are referenced to the geopotential surfaces, $i.e.$ |
---|
580 | \eqref{Eq_ldfslp_geo} is used in $z$-coordinates, and the sum \eqref{Eq_ldfslp_geo} |
---|
581 | + \eqref{Eq_ldfslp_iso} in $s$-coordinates. The eddy induced velocity is given by: |
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582 | \begin{equation} \label{Eq_ldfeiv} |
---|
583 | \begin{split} |
---|
584 | u^* & = \frac{1}{e_{2u}e_{3u}}\; \delta_k \left[e_{2u} \, A_{uw}^{eiv} \; \overline{r_{1w}}^{\,i+1/2} \right]\\ |
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585 | v^* & = \frac{1}{e_{1u}e_{3v}}\; \delta_k \left[e_{1v} \, A_{vw}^{eiv} \; \overline{r_{2w}}^{\,j+1/2} \right]\\ |
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586 | w^* & = \frac{1}{e_{1w}e_{2w}}\; \left\{ \delta_i \left[e_{2u} \, A_{uw}^{eiv} \; \overline{r_{1w}}^{\,i+1/2} \right] + \delta_j \left[e_{1v} \, A_{vw}^{eiv} \; \overline{r_{2w}}^{\,j+1/2} \right] \right\} \\ |
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587 | \end{split} |
---|
588 | \end{equation} |
---|
589 | where $A^{eiv}$ is the eddy induced velocity coefficient whose value is set |
---|
590 | through \np{rn\_aeiv}, a \textit{nam\_traldf} namelist parameter. |
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591 | The three components of the eddy induced velocity are computed and add |
---|
592 | to the eulerian velocity in \mdl{traadv\_eiv}. This has been preferred to a |
---|
593 | separate computation of the advective trends associated with the eiv velocity, |
---|
594 | since it allows us to take advantage of all the advection schemes offered for |
---|
595 | the tracers (see \S\ref{TRA_adv}) and not just the $2^{nd}$ order advection |
---|
596 | scheme as in previous releases of OPA \citep{Madec1998}. This is particularly |
---|
597 | useful for passive tracers where \emph{positivity} of the advection scheme is |
---|
598 | of paramount importance. |
---|
599 | |
---|
600 | At the surface, lateral and bottom boundaries, the eddy induced velocity, |
---|
601 | and thus the advective eddy fluxes of heat and salt, are set to zero. |
---|
602 | |
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603 | |
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604 | |
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605 | |
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606 | |
---|