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source: branches/publications/ORCHIDEE_gmd-2018-261/src_stomate/stomate_phenology.f90 @ 8692

Last change on this file since 8692 was 4333, checked in by josefine.ghattas, 8 years ago
Merge with trunk for revision r3623 - r3977 Some corrections for gfortran
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1	! =================================================================================================================================
2	! MODULE : stomate_phenology
3	!
4	! CONTACT : orchidee-help _at_ ipsl.jussieu.fr
5	!
6	! LICENCE : IPSL (2006). This software is governed by the CeCILL licence see ORCHIDEE/ORCHIDEE_CeCILL.LIC
7	!
8	!>\BRIEF This module manages the beginning of the growing season (leaf onset).
9	!!
10	!!\n DESCRIPTION: None
11	!!
12	!! RECENT CHANGE(S): None
13	!!
14	!! SVN :
15	!! $HeadURL$
16	!! $Date$
17	!! $Revision$
18	!! \n
19	!_ =================================================================================================================================
20
21	MODULE stomate_phenology
22
23	! modules used:
24	USE xios_orchidee
25	USE ioipsl_para
26	USE stomate_data
27	USE constantes
28	USE pft_parameters
29	USE function_library, ONLY: calculate_c0_alloc, wood_to_ba
30
31	IMPLICIT NONE
32
33	! private & public routines
34
35	PRIVATE
36	PUBLIC phenology,phenology_clear
37
38	! first call
39	LOGICAL, SAVE :: firstcall_all_phenology = .TRUE.
40	!$OMP THREADPRIVATE(firstcall_all_phenology)
41	LOGICAL, SAVE :: firstcall_hum = .TRUE.
42	!$OMP THREADPRIVATE(firstcall_hum)
43	LOGICAL, SAVE :: firstcall_moi = .TRUE.
44	!$OMP THREADPRIVATE(firstcall_moi)
45	LOGICAL, SAVE :: firstcall_humgdd = .TRUE.
46	!$OMP THREADPRIVATE(firstcall_humgdd)
47	LOGICAL, SAVE :: firstcall_moigdd = .TRUE.
48	!$OMP THREADPRIVATE(firstcall_moigdd)
49
50	CONTAINS
51
52
53	!! ================================================================================================================================
54	!! SUBROUTINE : phenology_clear
55	!!
56	!>\BRIEF Flags setting
57	!!
58	!! DESCRIPTION : This subroutine sets flags
59	!! ::firstcall_all_phenology, ::firstcall_hum, ::firstcall_moi, ::firstcall_humgdd,
60	!! ::firstcall_moigdd to .TRUE., and therefore activates section 1.1 of each
61	!! subroutine which writes messages to the output. \n
62	!! This subroutine is called at the beginning of ::stomateLpj_clear in the
63	!! ::stomate_lpj module.
64	!!
65	!! RECENT CHANGE(S): None
66	!!
67	!! MAIN OUTPUT VARIABLE(S): ::firstcall_all_phenology, ::firstcall_hum, ::firstcall_moi, ::firstcall_humgdd,
68	!! ::firstcall_moigdd
69	!!
70	!! REFERENCE(S) : None
71	!!
72	!! FLOWCHART : None
73	!! \n
74	!_ ================================================================================================================================
75
76	SUBROUTINE phenology_clear
77	firstcall_all_phenology=.TRUE.
78	firstcall_hum=.TRUE.
79	firstcall_moi = .TRUE.
80	firstcall_humgdd = .TRUE.
81	firstcall_moigdd = .TRUE.
82	END SUBROUTINE phenology_clear
83
84
85	!! ================================================================================================================================
86	!! SUBROUTINE : phenology
87	!!
88	!>\BRIEF This subroutine controls the detection of the beginning of the growing season
89	!! (if dormancy has been long enough), leaf onset, given favourable biometeorological
90	!! conditions, and leaf growth and biomass allocation when leaf biomass is low (i.e.
91	!! at the start of the growing season.
92	!!
93	!! DESCRIPTION : This subroutine is called by the module ::stomate_lpj and deals with the beginning of the
94	!! growing season. First it is established whether the beginning of the growing season is
95	!! allowed. This occurs if the dormance period has been long enough (i.e. greater
96	!! than a minimum PFT-dependent threshold, specified by ::lowgpp_time),
97	!! AND if the last beginning of the growing season was a sufficiently long time ago
98	!! (i.e. when the growing season length is greater than a minimum threshold, specified
99	!! by ::min_growthinit_time, which is defined in this module to be 300 days. \n
100	!! The dormancy time-length is represented by the variable
101	!! ::time_lowgpp, which is calculated in ::stomate_season. It is increased by
102	!! the stomate time step when the weekly GPP is lower than a threshold. Otherwise
103	!! it is set to zero. \n
104	!! ::lowgpp_time is set for each PFT in ::stomate_data from a table of all
105	!! PFT values (::lowgpp_time_tab), which is defined in ::stomate_constants. \n
106	!! The growing season length is given by ::when_growthinit, which increases
107	!! by the stomate time-step at each call to this phenology module, except for when
108	!! leaf onset is detected, when it is set to 0. \n
109	!! If these two conditions are met, leaf onset occurs if the biometeorological
110	!! conditions are also met. This is determined by the leaf onset models, which are
111	!! biome-specific. Each PFT is looped over (ignoring bare soil).
112	!! The onset phenology model is selected, (according to the parameter
113	!! ::pheno_model, which is initialised in stomate_data), and called. \n
114	!! There are six leaf onset phenology models currently being used by ORCHIDEE.
115	!! These are: 'hum' and 'moi', which are based exclusively on moisture conditions,
116	!! 'humgdd' and 'moigdd', which are based on both temperature and moisture conditions,
117	!! 'ncdgdd', which is based on a "chilling" requirement for leaf onset, and
118	!! 'ngd', which is based on the number of growing days since the temperature was
119	!! above a certain threshold, to account for the end of soil frost.
120	!! Those models which are based mostly on temperature conditions are used for
121	!! temperate and boreal biomes, and those which include a moisture condition are used
122	!! for tropical biomes. More detail on the biometeorological conditions is provided
123	!! in the sections on the individual onset models. \n
124	!! The moisture conditions are based on the concept of plant "moisture availability".
125	!! This is based on the soil humidity (relative soil moisture), but is moderated by
126	!! the root density profile, as per the equation:
127	!! \latexonly
128	!! \input{phenology_moiavail_eqn1.tex}
129	!! \endlatexonly
130	!! \n
131	!! Although some studies have shown that the length of the photoperiod is important
132	!! in determining onset (and senescence) dates, this is not considered in the current
133	!! versions of the onset models (Krinner et al., 2005). \n
134	!! If conditions are favourable, leaf onset occurs (::begin_leaves is set to TRUE),
135	!! ::when_growthinit is set to 0.0, and the growing season has begun. \n
136	!! Following the detection of leaf onset, biomass is allocated from the carbohydrate
137	!! reserves equally to the leaves and roots IF the leaf biomass is lower than a minimum
138	!! threshold, which is calculated in this subroutine from the parameter
139	!! ::lai_initmin, divided by the specific leaf area (both of which are
140	!! PFT-dependent and set in ::stomate_constants). \n
141	!! Finally, if biomass is required to be allocated from the carbohydrate reserve
142	!! because the leaf biomass is too low, the leaf age and leaf age distribution is
143	!! re-set. In this case the youngest age class fraction is set to 1 and all other
144	!! leaf age class fractions are set to 0. All leaf ages are set to 0. If there is
145	!! no biomass in the carbohydrate reserve, leaf onset will not occur and the PFT
146	!! will disappear from the grid cell (Krinner et al., 2005). \n
147	!! This subrouting is called in ::stomate_lpj.
148	!!
149	!! RECENT CHANGE(S): None
150	!!
151	!! MAIN OUTPUT VARIABLE(S): ::biomass,
152	!! ::when_growthinit,
153	!! ::leaf age distribution
154	!! ::leaf fraction
155	!!
156	!! REFERENCE(S) :
157	!! - Krinner, G., N. Viovy, N. de Noblet-Ducoudre, J. Ogee, J. Polcher, P.
158	!! Friedlingstein, P. Ciais, S. Sitch and I.C. Prentice (2005), A dynamic global
159	!! vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system, Global
160	!! Biogeochemical Cycles, 19, doi:10.1029/2003GB002199.
161	!!
162	!! FLOWCHART :
163	!! \latexonly
164	!! \includegraphics[scale = 1]{phenology_flowchart.png}
165	!! \endlatexonly
166	!! \n
167	!_ ================================================================================================================================
168
169	SUBROUTINE phenology (npts, dt, PFTpresent, &
170	veget_max, &
171	t2m_longterm, t2m_month, t2m_week, gpp, &
172	maxmoiavail_lastyear, minmoiavail_lastyear, &
173	moiavail_month, moiavail_week, &
174	gdd_m5_dormance, gdd_midwinter, ncd_dormance, ngd_minus5, &
175	senescence, time_hum_min, &
176	biomass, leaf_frac, leaf_age, &
177	when_growthinit, co2_to_bm, n_to_bm,&
178	begin_leaves, ind, KF, cn_leaf_min_season, N_support)
179
180	!
181	!! 0. Variable and parameter declaration
182	!
183
184	!
185	!! 0.1 Input variables
186	!
187	INTEGER(i_std), INTENT(in) :: npts !! Domain size - number of grid
188	!! cells (unitless)
189	REAL(r_std), INTENT(in) :: dt !! time step (dt_days)
190	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: PFTpresent !! PFT exists (true/false)
191	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: veget_max !! "maximal" coverage fraction of a
192	!! PFT (LAI -> infinity) on ground
193	!! (0-1, unitless)
194	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts), INTENT(in) :: t2m_longterm !! "long term" 2 meter reference
195	!! temperatures (K)
196	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts), INTENT(in) :: t2m_month !! "monthly" 2-meter temperatures
197	!! (K)
198	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts), INTENT(in) :: t2m_week !! "weekly" 2-meter temperatures (K)
199	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: gpp !! daily gross primary productivity
200	!! @tex ($gC m^{-2} of
201	!! ground/day$) @endtex
202	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: maxmoiavail_lastyear !! last year's maximum moisture
203	!! availability (0-1, unitless)
204	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: minmoiavail_lastyear !! last year's minimum moisture
205	!! availability (0-1, unitless)
206	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: moiavail_month !! "monthly" moisture availability
207	!! (0-1, unitless)
208	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: moiavail_week !! "weekly" moisture availability
209	!! (0-1, unitless)
210	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: gdd_m5_dormance !! growing degree days above a
211	!! threshold of -5 deg C (C)
212	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(inout) :: gdd_midwinter !! growing degree days, since
213	!! midwinter (C)
214	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: ncd_dormance !! number of chilling days since
215	!! leaves were lost (days)
216	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: ngd_minus5 !! number of growing days above a
217	!! threshold of -5 deg C (days)
218	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(inout) :: senescence !! is the plant senescent? (only
219	!! for deciduous trees -
220	!! carbohydrate reserve)
221	!! (true/false)
222	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: time_hum_min !! time elapsed since strongest
223	!! moisture availability (days)
224	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: ind !! Stand level number of individuals
225	!! @tex $(ind m^{-2})$ @endtex
226	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: KF !! Scaling factor to convert sapwood mass
227	!! into leaf mass (m)
228	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(:,:), INTENT(inout) :: cn_leaf_min_season !! Minn leaf nitrogen concentration (C:N) of the growing season
229	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(inout) :: N_support !! Nitrogen which is added to the ecosystem to support vegetation growth (only used when IMPOSE_CN .EQ. true) (gC/m2/day)
230	!
231	!! 0.2 Ouput variables
232	!
233
234	!
235	!! 0.3 Modified variables
236	!
237	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm,nparts,nelements), INTENT(inout) :: biomass !! biomass @tex ($gC m^{-2} of
238	!! ground$) @endtex
239	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm,nleafages), INTENT(inout) :: leaf_frac !! fraction of leaves in leaf age
240	!! class (0-1, unitless)
241	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm,nleafages), INTENT(inout) :: leaf_age !! leaf age (days)
242	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(inout) :: when_growthinit !! how many days since the
243	!! beginning of the growing season
244	!! (days)
245	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(inout) :: co2_to_bm !! co2 taken up by carbohydrate
246	!! reserve at the beginning of the
247	!! growing season @tex ($gC m^{-2}
248	!! of total ground/day$) @endtex
249	! NV passge 2D
250	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(inout) :: n_to_bm !! N taken up from ?? when
251	!! introducing a new PFT (introduced for
252	!! nitrogen balance closure)
253	!! @tex $(gN m^{-2} dtslow^{-1})$ @endtex
254	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(out) :: begin_leaves !! signal to start putting leaves on (true/false)
255
256	!
257	!! 0.4 Local variables
258	!
259	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(npts,nvm) :: allow_initpheno !! are we allowed to decalre the
260	!! beginning of the growing
261	!! season? (true/false)
262	REAL(r_std) :: bm_wanted !! biomass we would like to have
263	!! @tex ($gC m^{-2} of ground$)
264	!! @endtex
265	REAL(r_std) :: bm_wanted_fleaf !! fraction biomass we would like to have
266	!! in leaf @tex ($gN m^{-2} of ground$)
267	!! @endtex
268	REAL(r_std) :: bm_use !! biomass we use (from
269	!! carbohydrate reserve or from
270	!! atmosphere) @tex ($gC m^{-2} of
271	!! ground$) @endtex
272	REAL(r_std) :: bm_wanted_n !! biomass we would like to have
273	!! @tex ($gN m^{-2} of ground$)
274	!! @endtex
275	REAL(r_std) :: bm_wanted_n_fleaf !! fraction biomass we would like to have
276	!! in leaf @tex ($gN m^{-2} of ground$)
277	!! @endtex
278	REAL(r_std) :: bm_use_n !! nitrogen biomass we use (from
279	!! labile or reserve pool @tex ($gN m^{-2} of
280	!! ground$) @endtex
281	REAL(r_std) :: deficit !! Carbon that needs to be taken from the
282	!! labile and or reserve pools
283	!! @tex $(gC m^{-2})$ @endtex
284
285	REAL(r_std) :: circ_class_ba !! basal area of the model tree in each
286	!! circ class @tex $(m^{2} m^{-2})$ @endtex
287	REAL(r_std) :: Cl_tree !! Individual plant, leaf compartment
288	!! @tex $(gC tree^{-1})$ @endtex
289	REAL(r_std) :: Cr_tree !! Individual plant, root compartment
290	!! @tex $(gC tree^{-1})$ @endtex
291	REAL(r_std) :: Cs_tree !! Individual plant, sapwood compartment
292	!! @tex $(gC. tree^{-1})$ @endtex
293	REAL(r_std) :: Cs_grass !! Individual plant, sapwood compartment
294	!! @tex $(gC. ind^{-1})$ @endtex
295	REAL(r_std) :: Cl_init !! Initial leaf carbon required to start
296	!! the growing season
297	!! @tex $(gC tree^{-1})$ @endtex
298	REAL(r_std) :: Cr_init !! Initial root carbon required to start
299	!! the growing season
300	!! @tex $(gC tree^{-1})$ @endtex
301	REAL(r_std) :: height !! Tree height calculated from allometric
302	!! relationships (m)
303	REAL(r_std) :: lm_min !! minimum leaf mass @tex ($gC
304	!! m^{-2} of ground$) @endtex
305	LOGICAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts) :: age_reset !! does the leaf age distribution
306	!! have to be reset? (true/false)
307	INTEGER(i_std) :: i,j,m !! indices (unitless)
308	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm) :: histvar !! controls the history output
309	!! level - 0: nothing is written;
310	!! 10: everything is written
311	!! (0-10, unitless)
312
313	REAL(r_std) :: c0_alloc !! Root to sapwood tradeoff parameter
314	REAL(r_std) :: LF !! Scaling factor to convert sapwood mass
315	!! into root mass (unitless)
316	REAL(r_std) :: cn_leaf_use !! CN ratio used for allocationg biomass (gC/gN)
317	REAL(r_std) :: new_cn_leaf_use !! CN ratio used for allocationg biomass (gC/gN)
318	!_ ================================================================================================================================
319
320	IF (printlev>=3) WRITE(numout,*) 'Entering phenology'
321
322	!
323	!! 1. first call - output message giving the setting of the ::always_init
324	!! and ::min_growthinit_time parameters.
325	!
326
327	IF ( firstcall_all_phenology ) THEN
328
329	WRITE(numout,*) 'phenology:'
330
331	WRITE(numout,*) ' > take carbon from atmosphere if carbohydrate' // &
332	' reserve too small (::always_init): ', always_init
333
334	WRITE(numout,*) ' > minimum time since last beginning of a growing' // &
335	' season (d) (::min_growthinit_time): ', min_growthinit_time
336
337	firstcall_all_phenology = .FALSE.
338
339	ENDIF
340
341	!
342	!! 2. Detection of the beginning of the growing season.
343	!
344
345	!
346	!! 2.1 allow detection of the beginning of the growing season if dormance was
347	!! long enough (i.e. when ::time_lowgpp, which is calculated in ::stomate_season,
348	!! is above a certain PFT-dependent threshold, ::lowgpp_time,
349	!! which is given in ::stomate_constants),
350	!! AND the last beginning of growing season was a sufficiently long time ago
351	!! (i.e. when ::when_growthinit, which is calculated in this module,
352	!! is greater than ::min_growthinit_time, which is declared at the beginning of this module).
353	!! If these conditions are met, allow_initpheno is set to TRUE. Each PFT is looped over.
354	!
355
356	allow_initpheno(:,1) = .FALSE.
357	DO j = 2,nvm
358
359	WHERE ( when_growthinit(:,j) .GT. min_growthinit_time )
360	allow_initpheno(:,j) = .TRUE.
361	! senescence (:,j) = .FALSE.
362	ELSEWHERE
363	allow_initpheno(:,j) = .FALSE.
364	ENDWHERE
365
366	ENDDO
367
368	WHERE(allow_initpheno)
369	histvar=un
370	ELSEWHERE
371	histvar=zero
372	ENDWHERE
373
374	CALL xios_orchidee_send_field("ALLOW_INITPHENO",histvar)
375
376	CALL histwrite_p (hist_id_stomate, 'ALLOW_INITPHENO', itime, histvar, npts*nvm, horipft_index)
377
378	!
379	!! 2.2 increase the ::when_growthinit counter, which gives the number of days since the beginning of the growing season.
380	!! Needed for allocation and for the detection of the beginning of the growing season.
381	!
382
383	when_growthinit(:,:) = when_growthinit(:,:) + dt
384
385	! Keep when_wrowthinit undefined for bare soil
386	! when_growthinit(:,1) = undef
387	!
388	!! 3. Leaf onset.
389	!! Check biometeorological conditions using the onset phenological models,
390	!! which are different for each PFT group (i.e. grass versus tropical etc.
391	!! See below for more detail on the different models and which PFTs use each model).
392	!
393
394	!! - By default: phenology does not start (::begin_leaves set to FALSE).
395	begin_leaves(:,:) = .FALSE.
396
397	!! - The onset phenology model is selected, (according to the parameter ::pheno_model,
398	!! which is initialised in stomate_data), and called.
399	!! Each PFT is looped over (ignoring bare soil).
400	!! If conditions are favourable, begin_leaves is set to TRUE.
401
402	! parameter used in all the differents models of phenology
403	t_always = ZeroCelsius + t_always_add
404
405	DO j = 2,nvm ! Loop over # PFTs
406
407	SELECT CASE ( pheno_model(j) )
408
409	CASE ( 'hum' )
410
411	CALL pheno_hum (npts, j, PFTpresent, allow_initpheno, &
412	moiavail_month, moiavail_week, &
413	maxmoiavail_lastyear, minmoiavail_lastyear, &
414	begin_leaves)
415
416	CASE ( 'moi' )
417
418	CALL pheno_moi (npts, j, PFTpresent, allow_initpheno, &
419	time_hum_min, &
420	moiavail_month, moiavail_week, &
421	begin_leaves)
422
423
424	CASE ( 'ncdgdd' )
425
426	CALL pheno_ncdgdd (npts, j, PFTpresent, allow_initpheno, &
427	ncd_dormance, gdd_midwinter, &
428	t2m_month, t2m_week, begin_leaves)
429
430	CASE ( 'ngd' )
431
432	CALL pheno_ngd (npts, j, PFTpresent, allow_initpheno, ngd_minus5, &
433	t2m_month, t2m_week, begin_leaves)
434
435	CASE ( 'humgdd' )
436
437	CALL pheno_humgdd (npts, j, PFTpresent, allow_initpheno, gdd_m5_dormance, &
438	maxmoiavail_lastyear, minmoiavail_lastyear, &
439	t2m_longterm, t2m_month, t2m_week, &
440	moiavail_week, moiavail_month, &
441	begin_leaves)
442
443	CASE ( 'moigdd' )
444
445	CALL pheno_moigdd (npts, j, PFTpresent, allow_initpheno, gdd_m5_dormance, &
446	time_hum_min, &
447	t2m_longterm, t2m_month, t2m_week, &
448	moiavail_week, moiavail_month, &
449	begin_leaves)
450
451	CASE ( 'none' )
452
453	! no action
454
455	CASE default
456
457	WRITE(numout,*) 'phenology: don''t know how to treat this PFT.'
458	WRITE(numout,*) ' number: (::j)',j
459	WRITE(numout,*) ' phenology model (::pheno_model(j)) : ',pheno_model(j)
460	CALL ipslerr_p(3,'stomate phenology','Cannot treat this PFT','','')
461
462	END SELECT
463
464	ENDDO
465
466	WHERE(begin_leaves)
467	histvar=un
468	ELSEWHERE
469	histvar=zero
470	ENDWHERE
471
472	CALL xios_orchidee_send_field("BEGIN_LEAVES",histvar)
473
474	CALL histwrite_p (hist_id_stomate, 'BEGIN_LEAVES', itime, histvar, npts*nvm, horipft_index)
475
476	!
477	!! 4. Leaf growth and biomass allocation when leaf biomass is low.
478	!! Leaves start to grow if biometeorological conditions are favourable (::begin_leaves == TRUE) and if
479	!! leaf growth is allowed (::allow_initpheno == TRUE).
480	!! PFTs and then grid cells are looped over.
481	!
482
483	DO j = 2,nvm ! Loop over # PFTs
484
485	age_reset(:) = .FALSE.
486
487	DO i = 1,npts
488
489	! We might need the c0_alloc factor, so let's calculate it.
490	c0_alloc = calculate_c0_alloc(i, j, tau_root(j), &
491	tau_sap(j))
492
493
494	IF ( begin_leaves(i,j) ) THEN
495
496
497	!! 4.1 First minimum biomass is calculated using the following equation:
498	!! \latexonly
499	!! \input{phenology_lm_min_eqn2.tex}
500	!! \endlatexonly
501	!! \n
502	lm_min = lai_initmin(j) / sla(j)
503
504	! The minimum leaf biomass is prescribed by ::lm_min which in turn
505	! is basically prescribed through ::lai_initmin. However, lm_min could exceed
506	! the leaf mass that is required to respect the allometric relationships
507	! therefore this leaf biomass should be calculated
508
509	! Calculate the allocation factors see stomate_growth_fun_alloc.f90 and
510	! stomate_prescribe.f90 for more details
511	LF = c0_alloc * KF(i,j)
512
513	IF ( is_tree(j) ) THEN
514
515	! Calculate the available biomass is roots, sapwood and leaves (gC tree-1)
516	Cl_tree = biomass(i,j,ileaf,icarbon)
517	Cs_tree = ( biomass(i,j,isapabove,icarbon) + &
518	biomass(i,j,isapbelow,icarbon) )
519	Cr_tree = biomass(i,j,iroot,icarbon)
520
521	! Calculate the stand structure (gC m-2)
522	circ_class_ba = wood_to_ba(biomass(i,j,:,icarbon),j)
523	height = pipe_tune2(j)(4/picirc_class_ba)**(pipe_tune3(j)/2)
524
525	! Calculate the leaves and roots that need to be grown see
526	! stomate_growth_fun_alloc.f90 for more details
527	! Note that the units for Cl_init and Cr_init are gC m-2
528	Cl_init = MIN( lm_min, ( KF(i,j) * Cs_tree / height ) )
529	Cr_init = Cl_init / LF
530
531	ELSE
532
533	! ! Calculate the available biomass in roots, sapwood and leaves (gC ind-1)
534	! IF ( biomass(i,j,ileaf,icarbon) .LT. min_stomate .AND. biomass(i,j,iroot,icarbon) .LT. min_stomate) THEN
535	!
536	! Cs_grass = biomass(i,j,isapabove,icarbon)
537	!
538	! ELSE
539	!
540	! WRITE(6,*) 'There is leaf or root carbon that should not be here, something could have gone wrong in senescence'
541	! Cs_grass = biomass(i,j,isapabove,icarbon)
542	!
543	! ENDIF
544	!
545	! ! Calculate structure of the crop/grassland i.e. the leaves and roots
546	! ! that need to be grown see stomate_growth_fun_alloc.f90 for more details
547	! ! Note that the units for Cl_init and Cr_init are gC m-2. For grasses
548	! ! :: heigh_init(j) is the minimal height and is therefore used at the start of
549	! ! growing season (it could be considered the height of Cs)
550	! Cl_init = MIN( lm_min, Cs_grass / struct_to_leaves )
551	Cl_init = lm_min
552	Cr_init = Cl_init / LF
553
554	ENDIF
555
556	IF(biomass(i,j,ileaf,icarbon) .GT. min_stomate) THEN
557	cn_leaf_use=biomass(i,j,ileaf,icarbon)/biomass(i,j,ileaf,initrogen)
558	ELSE
559	age_reset(i) = .TRUE.
560	cn_leaf_use=cn_leaf_min_season(i,j)
561	ENDIF
562	new_cn_leaf_use=cn_leaf_use
563
564	! If leaf biomass is lower than the minimum biomass then biomass must
565	! be allocated from the labile pool to leaves and roots.
566	IF ( biomass(i,j,ileaf,icarbon) .LT. Cl_init ) THEN
567
568	! First calculate how much biomass is wanted/required
569	! (::bm_wanted = 2 x the minimum leaf biomass).
570	bm_wanted = (Cl_init - biomass(i,j,ileaf,icarbon)) &
571	+ MAX( Cr_init - biomass(i,j,iroot,icarbon), zero)
572
573	bm_wanted_fleaf = (Cl_init - biomass(i,j,ileaf,icarbon)) &
574	/ bm_wanted
575
576	bm_wanted_n = MAX( Cl_init/cn_leaf_use - biomass(i,j,ileaf,initrogen), zero) &
577	+ MAX( Cr_init *fcn_root(j)/cn_leaf_use - biomass(i,j,iroot,initrogen), zero)
578
579
580	! Specific setting for forced phenology
581	! If the biomass in the carbohydrate reserves is less than the required biomass
582	! take the required amount of carbon from the atmosphere and put it into the
583	! labile pool. This only occurs if the parameter ::always_init
584	! (set at beginning of this ::subroutine) is TRUE. Default is FALSE.
585	IF ( always_init ) THEN
586	IF ( (biomass(i,j,ilabile,icarbon)+biomass(i,j,icarbres,icarbon)) .LT. bm_wanted ) THEN
587
588	co2_to_bm(i,j) = co2_to_bm(i,j) + ( bm_wanted - (biomass(i,j,ilabile,icarbon) + &
589	biomass(i,j,icarbres,icarbon) )) / dt
590	biomass(i,j,ilabile,icarbon) = biomass(i,j,ilabile,icarbon) + &
591	( bm_wanted - (biomass(i,j,ilabile,icarbon)+biomass(i,j,icarbres,icarbon)) )
592
593	ENDIF
594
595	IF ( (biomass(i,j,ilabile,initrogen)+biomass(i,j,icarbres,initrogen)) .LT. bm_wanted_n ) THEN
596
597	n_to_bm(i,j) = n_to_bm(i,j) + ( bm_wanted_n - (biomass(i,j,ilabile,initrogen) + &
598	biomass(i,j,icarbres,initrogen)) ) / dt
599	biomass(i,j,ilabile,initrogen) = biomass(i,j,ilabile,initrogen) + &
600	( bm_wanted_n - (biomass(i,j,ilabile,initrogen)+biomass(i,j,icarbres,initrogen)) )
601
602	ENDIF
603
604
605	ENDIF
606
607	! The biomass available to use is set to be the minimum of the biomass of
608	! the labile pool (if carbon not taken from the atmosphere), and
609	! the wanted biomass.
610	bm_use = MIN( biomass(i,j,ilabile,icarbon) + biomass(i,j,icarbres,icarbon), &
611	bm_wanted )
612
613
614
615	! bm_use may differ from Cr_init and Cl_init, the final allocation will depend
616	! on bm_use. Distrinute bm_use over leaves and roots following allometric relationships
617	! (i) bm_use = Cl_incp + Cr_incp
618	! (ii) Cr_incp = (Cl_incp+Cl)/LF - Cr
619	! Substitue (ii) in (i) and solve for Cl_inc
620	! <=> Cl_incp = (LF*(b_incp+Cr)-Cl)/(1+LF)
621	! Because this is the start of the growing season, Cr = Cl = 0
622
623	Cl_init = bm_wanted_fleaf * bm_use
624	Cr_init = (1. - bm_wanted_fleaf) * bm_use
625
626	bm_wanted_n = MAX( (Cl_init+biomass(i,j,ileaf,icarbon))/cn_leaf_use - biomass(i,j,ileaf,initrogen), zero) &
627	+ MAX( (Cr_init+biomass(i,j,iroot,icarbon)) *fcn_root(j)/cn_leaf_use - biomass(i,j,iroot,initrogen), zero)
628
629
630	IF(bm_wanted_n .GT. 0.9*(biomass(i,j,ilabile,initrogen)+biomass(i,j,icarbres,initrogen))) THEN
631	IF (impose_cn) THEN
632	N_support(i,j)=N_support(i,j)+ (bm_wanted_n &
633	- 0.9*(biomass(i,j,ilabile,initrogen) +biomass(i,j,icarbres,initrogen)))
634	biomass(i,j,ilabile,initrogen) = biomass(i,j,ilabile,initrogen) + (bm_wanted_n &
635	- 0.9*(biomass(i,j,ilabile,initrogen) +biomass(i,j,icarbres,initrogen)))
636	ELSE
637	new_cn_leaf_use=(Cl_init + Cr_init fcn_root(j))/(0.9(biomass(i,j,ilabile,initrogen)&
638	+biomass(i,j,icarbres,initrogen)))
639
640	IF(new_cn_leaf_use .GT. cn_leaf_max(j)) THEN
641	bm_use = bm_use * cn_leaf_max(j)/new_cn_leaf_use
642
643	Cl_init = bm_wanted_fleaf * bm_use
644	Cr_init = (1. - bm_wanted_fleaf) * bm_use
645
646	new_cn_leaf_use = cn_leaf_max(j)
647
648	ENDIF
649
650	ENDIF
651	ENDIF
652	bm_wanted_n = MAX( Cl_init/new_cn_leaf_use + biomass(i,j,ileaf,icarbon)/cn_leaf_use - &
653	biomass(i,j,ileaf,initrogen), zero) &
654	+ MAX( Cr_init fcn_root(j)/new_cn_leaf_use + biomass(i,j,iroot,icarbon)fcn_root(j)/cn_leaf_use - &
655	biomass(i,j,iroot,initrogen), zero)
656
657	IF(bm_wanted_n .GT. min_stomate) THEN
658	bm_wanted_n_fleaf = MAX( Cl_init/new_cn_leaf_use + biomass(i,j,ileaf,icarbon)/cn_leaf_use - &
659	biomass(i,j,ileaf,initrogen), zero) / bm_wanted_n
660	ELSE
661	bm_wanted_n_fleaf = 0
662	ENDIF
663
664	! Decrease labile pool biomass by the amount that's been allocated
665	! to the leaves and roots. If the labile pool is depleted use carbon
666	! from the reserve pool.
667	deficit = bm_use - biomass(i,j,ilabile,icarbon)
668
669	! There is enough carbon in the labile pool
670	IF (deficit .LT. zero) THEN
671
672	biomass(i,j,ilabile,icarbon) = biomass(i,j,ilabile,icarbon) - bm_use
673
674	! Deplete the labile pool, use the reserve pool
675	ELSE
676
677	biomass(i,j,ilabile,icarbon) = zero
678	biomass(i,j,icarbres,icarbon) = biomass(i,j,icarbres,icarbon) - deficit
679
680	ENDIF
681
682	! Decrease labile pool biomass by the amount that's been allocated
683	! to the leaves and roots. If the labile pool is depleted use nitrogen
684	! from the reserve pool.
685	deficit = bm_use_n - biomass(i,j,ilabile,initrogen)
686
687	! There is enough nitrogen in the labile pool
688	IF (deficit .LT. zero) THEN
689
690	biomass(i,j,ilabile,initrogen) = biomass(i,j,ilabile,initrogen) - bm_use_n
691
692	! Deplete the labile pool, use the reserve pool
693	ELSE
694
695	biomass(i,j,ilabile,initrogen) = zero
696	biomass(i,j,icarbres,initrogen) = biomass(i,j,icarbres,initrogen) - deficit
697
698	ENDIF
699
700
701	! Distribute the biomass over the leaves and roots (gC tree-1)
702	biomass(i,j,ileaf,icarbon) = biomass(i,j,ileaf,icarbon) + Cl_init
703	biomass(i,j,iroot,icarbon) = biomass(i,j,iroot,icarbon) + Cr_init
704
705	biomass(i,j,ileaf,initrogen) = biomass(i,j,ileaf,initrogen) + bm_wanted_n * bm_wanted_n_fleaf
706	biomass(i,j,iroot,initrogen) = biomass(i,j,iroot,initrogen) + bm_wanted_n * (1 - bm_wanted_n_fleaf)
707	!++++++++++++
708
709	ENDIF ! leaf mass is very low
710
711	!! 4.3 reset when_growthinit counter: start of the growing season
712	when_growthinit(i,j) = zero
713	! senescence(i,j) = .FALSE.
714	! cn_leaf_min_season(i,j)=cn_leaf_max(j)
715	ENDIF ! start of the growing season
716
717	ENDDO ! loop over grid points
718
719
720	!! 4.4 reset leaf age distribution where necessary (i.e. when age_reset is TRUE)
721	!! simply say that everything is in the youngest age class
722
723	! Set the youngest age class fraction to 1 and all other leaf age class fractions to 0.
724	WHERE ( age_reset(:) )
725
726	leaf_frac(:,j,1) = un
727
728	ENDWHERE
729
730	DO m = 2, nleafages
731
732	WHERE ( age_reset(:) )
733
734	leaf_frac(:,j,m) = zero
735
736	ENDWHERE
737
738	ENDDO ! nleafages
739
740	! Ages - set all leaf ages to 0.
741	DO m = 1, nleafages
742
743	WHERE ( age_reset(:) )
744
745	leaf_age(:,j,m) = zero
746
747	ENDWHERE
748
749	ENDDO ! nleafages
750
751	ENDDO ! loop over # PFTs
752
753
754
755	IF (printlev>=3) WRITE(numout,*) 'Leaving phenology'
756
757	END SUBROUTINE phenology
758
759
760	!! ================================================================================================================================
761	!! SUBROUTINE : pheno_hum
762	!!
763	!>\BRIEF The 'hum' onset model initiate leaf onset based exclusively on moisture
764	!! availability criteria.
765	!! Currently no PFTs are assigned to this onset model.
766	!!
767	!! DESCRIPTION : This model is for tropical biomes, where temperatures are high but moisture
768	!! might be a limiting factor on growth. It is based on leaf onset model 4a in
769	!! Botta et al. (2000), which adopts the approach of Le Roux (1995). \n
770	!! Leaf onset occurs if the monthly moisture availability is still quite
771	!! low (i.e. lower than the weekly availability), but the weekly availability is
772	!! higher than the critical threshold ::availability_crit (as it reacts faster),
773	!! which indicates the weekly moisture availability is increasing.
774	!! OR if the monthly moisture availability is high enough (i.e. above the
775	!! threshold value ::moiavail_always), leaf onset is initiated if this has not
776	!! already happened. This allows vegetation in arid areas to respond to rapidly
777	!! changing soil moisture conditions (Krinner et al., 2005). \n
778	!! The critical weekly moisture availability threshold (::availability_crit), is
779	!! calculated in this subroutine, and is a function of last year's maximum and
780	!! minimum moisture availability and the PFT-dependent parameter
781	!! ::hum_frac, which specifies how much of last year's available
782	!! moisture is required for leaf onset, as per the equation:
783	!! \latexonly
784	!! \input{phenology_moi_availcrit_eqn3.tex}
785	!! \endlatexonly
786	!! \n
787	!! ::hum_frac is set for each PFT in ::stomate_data from a table
788	!! which contains all the PFT values (::hum_frac_tab) in ::stomate_constants. \n
789	!! Last year's maximum and minimum moisture availability and the monthly and
790	!! weekly moisture availability are
791	!! The ::pheno_hum subroutine is called in the subroutine ::phenology.
792	!!
793	!! RECENT CHANGE(S): None
794	!!
795	!! MAIN OUTPUT VARIABLE(S): ::begin_leaves - specifies whether leaf growth can start.
796	!!
797	!! REFERENCE(S) :
798	!! - Botta, A., N. Viovy, P. Ciais, P. Friedlingstein and P. Monfray (2000),
799	!! A global prognostic scheme of leaf onset using satellite data,
800	!! Global Change Biology, 207, 337-347.
801	!! - Le Roux, X. (1995), Etude et modelisation des echanges d'eau et d'energie
802	!! sol-vegetation-atmosphere dans une savane humide, PhD Thesis, University
803	!! Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
804	!! - Krinner, G., N. Viovy, N. de Noblet-Ducoudre, J. Ogee, J. Polcher, P.
805	!! Friedlingstein, P. Ciais, S. Sitch and I.C. Prentice (2005), A dynamic global
806	!! vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system, Global
807	!! Biogeochemical Cycles, 19, doi:10.1029/2003GB002199.
808	!!
809	!! FLOWCHART :
810	!! \latexonly
811	!! \includegraphics[scale = 1]{pheno_hum.png}
812	!! \endlatexonly
813	!! \n
814	!_ ================================================================================================================================
815
816	SUBROUTINE pheno_hum (npts, j, PFTpresent, allow_initpheno, &
817	moiavail_month, moiavail_week, &
818	maxmoiavail_lastyear, minmoiavail_lastyear, &
819	begin_leaves)
820
821	!
822	!! 0. Variable and parameter declarations
823	!
824
825	!
826	!! 0.1 Input variables
827	!
828	INTEGER(i_std), INTENT(in) :: npts !! Domain size - number of
829	!! grid cells (unitless)
830	INTEGER(i_std), INTENT(in) :: j !! PFT index (unitless)
831	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: PFTpresent !! PFT exists (true/false)
832	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: allow_initpheno !! are we allowed to
833	!! declare the beginning of
834	!! the growing season?
835	!! (true/false)
836	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: moiavail_month !! "monthly" moisture
837	!! availability (0-1, unitless)
838	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: moiavail_week !! "weekly" moisture
839	!! availability (0-1, unitless)
840	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: maxmoiavail_lastyear !! last year's maximum
841	!! moisture availability
842	!! (0-1, unitless)
843	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: minmoiavail_lastyear !! last year's minimum
844	!! moisture availability
845	!! (0-1, unitless)
846
847	!
848	!! 0.2 Output variables
849	!
850
851	!
852	!! 0.3 Modified variables
853	!
854	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(inout) :: begin_leaves !! signal to start putting
855	!! leaves on (true/false)
856
857	!
858	!! 0.4 Local variables
859	!
860	REAL(r_std) :: moiavail_always !! critical monthly
861	!! moisture availability - set
862	!! for tree or grass
863	!! (0-1, unitless)
864	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts) :: availability_crit !! critical weekly moisture
865	!! availability (0-1, unitless)
866	INTEGER(i_std) :: i !! index (unitless)
867
868	!_ ================================================================================================================================
869
870	IF (printlev>=3) WRITE(numout,*) 'Entering hum'
871
872	!
873	!! 1. Initializations
874	!
875
876	!
877	!! 1.1 first call - outputs the name of onset model and the moisture availability
878	!! parameters for tree and grass
879	!
880
881	IF ( firstcall_hum ) THEN
882
883	WRITE(numout,*) 'pheno_hum:'
884	WRITE(numout,*) ' > moisture availability above which moisture tendency doesn''t matter: '
885	WRITE(numout,*) ' trees (::moiavail_always_tree): ', moiavail_always_tree
886	WRITE(numout,*) ' grasses (::moiavail_always_grass):', moiavail_always_grass
887
888	firstcall_hum = .FALSE.
889
890	ENDIF
891
892	!
893	!! 1.2 initialize output
894	!
895
896	begin_leaves(:,j) = .FALSE.
897
898	!
899	!! 1.3 check the critical value ::hum_frac is defined. If not, stop.
900	!
901
902	IF ( hum_frac(j) .EQ. undef ) THEN
903
904	WRITE(numout,*) 'hum: hum_frac is undefined for PFT (::j)',j
905	CALL ipslerr_p(3,'stomate phenology','hum_frac is undefined for this PFT','','')
906
907	ENDIF
908
909	!
910	!! 1.4 set the critical monthly moisture availability above which we always detect the beginning of the
911	!! growing season - set as the moisture availability for trees or grass.
912	!
913
914	IF ( is_tree(j) ) THEN
915	moiavail_always = moiavail_always_tree
916	ELSE
917	moiavail_always = moiavail_always_grass
918	ENDIF
919
920	!
921	!! 2. Check if biometeorological conditions are favourable for leaf growth.
922	!! The PFT has to be there and start of growing season must be allowed
923	!
924
925	DO i = 1, npts
926
927	IF ( PFTpresent(i,j) .AND. allow_initpheno(i,j) ) THEN
928
929	!! 2.1 Calculate the critical weekly moisture availability: depends linearly on the last year
930	!! minimum and maximum moisture availabilities, and on the parameter ::hum_frac.
931
932	availability_crit(i) = minmoiavail_lastyear(i,j) + hum_frac(j) * &
933	( maxmoiavail_lastyear(i,j) - minmoiavail_lastyear(i,j) )
934
935	!! 2.2 Determine if growing season should start (if so, ::begin_leaves set to TRUE).
936	!! Leaf onset occurs if the monthly moisture availability is still quite
937	!! low (i.e. lower than the weekly availability), but the weekly availability is
938	!! already higher than the critical threshold ::availability_crit (as it reacts faster),
939	!! which indicates the weekly moisture availability is increasing.
940	!! OR if the monthly moisture availability is high enough (i.e. above the threshold value
941	!! ::moiavail_always), leaf onset is initiated if this has not already happened.
942
943	IF ( ( ( moiavail_week(i,j) .GE. availability_crit(i) ) .AND. &
944	( moiavail_month(i,j) .LT. moiavail_week(i,j) ) ) .OR. &
945	( moiavail_month(i,j) .GE. moiavail_always ) ) THEN
946	begin_leaves(i,j) = .TRUE.
947	ENDIF
948
949	ENDIF ! PFT there and start of growing season allowed
950
951	ENDDO ! end loop over grid points
952
953	IF (printlev>=4) WRITE(numout,*) 'Leaving hum'
954
955	END SUBROUTINE pheno_hum
956
957
958	!! ================================================================================================================================
959	!! SUBROUTINE : pheno_moi
960	!!
961	!>\BRIEF The 'moi' onset model (::pheno_moi) initiates leaf onset based exclusively
962	!! on moisture availability criteria.
963	!! It is very similar to the 'hum' onset model but instead of the weekly moisture
964	!! availability being higher than a constant threshold, the condition is that the
965	!! moisture minimum happened a sufficiently long time ago.
966	!! Currently PFT 3 (Tropical Broad-leaved Raingreen) is assigned to this model.
967	!!
968	!! DESCRIPTION : This model is for tropical biomes, where temperatures are high but moisture
969	!! might be a limiting factor on growth. It is based on leaf onset model 4b in
970	!! Botta et al. (2000).
971	!! Leaf onset begins if the plant moisture availability minimum was a sufficiently
972	!! time ago, as specified by the PFT-dependent parameter ::hum_min_time
973	!! AND if the "monthly" moisture availability is lower than the "weekly"
974	!! availability (indicating that soil moisture is increasing).
975	!! OR if the monthly moisture availability is high enough (i.e. above the threshold
976	!! value ::moiavail_always), leaf onset is initiated if this has not already
977	!! happened. \n
978	!! ::hum_min_time is set for each PFT in ::stomate_data, and is
979	!! defined in the table ::hum_min_time_tab in ::stomate_constants. \n
980	!! ::moiavail_always is defined for both tree and grass in this subroutine
981	!! (set to 1. and 0.6 respectively). \n
982	!! The ::pheno_moi subroutine is called in the subroutine ::phenology.
983	!!
984	!! RECENT CHANGE(S): None
985	!!
986	!! MAIN OUTPUT VARIABLE(S): ::begin_leaves - specifies whether leaf growth can start.
987	!!
988	!! REFERENCE(S) :
989	!! - Botta, A., N. Viovy, P. Ciais, P. Friedlingstein and P. Monfray (2000),
990	!! A global prognostic scheme of leaf onset using satellite data,
991	!! Global Change Biology, 207, 337-347.
992	!! - Krinner, G., N. Viovy, N. de Noblet-Ducoudre, J. Ogee, J. Polcher, P.
993	!! Friedlingstein, P. Ciais, S. Sitch and I.C. Prentice (2005), A dynamic global
994	!! vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system, Global
995	!! Biogeochemical Cycles, 19, doi:10.1029/2003GB002199.
996	!!
997	!! FLOWCHART :
998	!! \latexonly
999	!! \includegraphics[scale = 1]{pheno_moi.png}
1000	!! \endlatexonly
1001	!! \n
1002	!_ ================================================================================================================================
1003
1004	SUBROUTINE pheno_moi (npts, j, PFTpresent, allow_initpheno, &
1005	time_hum_min, &
1006	moiavail_month, moiavail_week, &
1007	begin_leaves)
1008
1009	!
1010	!! 0. Variable and parameter declaration
1011	!
1012
1013	!
1014	!! 0.1 Input variables
1015	!
1016	INTEGER(i_std), INTENT(in) :: npts !! Domain size - number of grid cells (unitless)
1017	INTEGER(i_std), INTENT(in) :: j !! PFT index (unitless)
1018	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: PFTpresent !! PFT exists (true/false)
1019	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: allow_initpheno !! are we allowed to declare the beginning of the
1020	!! growing season? (true/false)
1021	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: time_hum_min !! time elapsed since strongest moisture
1022	!! availability (days)
1023	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: moiavail_month !! "monthly" moisture availability (0-1, unitless)
1024	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: moiavail_week !! "weekly" moisture availability (0-1, unitless)
1025
1026	!
1027	!! 0.2 Output variables
1028	!
1029	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(inout) :: begin_leaves !! signal to start putting leaves on (true/false)
1030
1031	!
1032	!! 0.3 Modified variables
1033	!
1034
1035	!
1036	!! 0.4 Local variables
1037	!
1038	REAL(r_std) :: moiavail_always !! critical moisture availability -
1039	!! set for tree or grass
1040	!! (0-1, unitless)
1041	INTEGER(i_std) :: i !! index (unitless)
1042
1043	!_ ================================================================================================================================
1044
1045	IF (printlev>=3) WRITE(numout,*) 'Entering moi'
1046
1047	!
1048	!! 1. Initializations
1049	!
1050
1051	!
1052	!! 1.1 first call - outputs the name of onset model and the moisture availability
1053	!! parameters for tree and grass
1054	!
1055
1056	IF ( firstcall_moi ) THEN
1057
1058	WRITE(numout,*) 'pheno_moi:'
1059	WRITE(numout,*) ' > moisture availability above which moisture tendency doesn''t matter: '
1060	WRITE(numout,*) ' trees (::moiavail_always_tree):', moiavail_always_tree
1061	WRITE(numout,*) ' grasses (::moiavail_always_grass):', moiavail_always_grass
1062
1063	firstcall_moi = .FALSE.
1064
1065	ENDIF
1066
1067	!
1068	!! 1.2 initialize output
1069	!
1070
1071	begin_leaves(:,j) = .FALSE.
1072
1073	!
1074	!! 1.3 check the critical value ::hum_min_time is definded. If not, stop
1075	!
1076
1077	IF ( hum_min_time(j) .EQ. undef ) THEN
1078
1079	WRITE(numout,*) 'moi: hum_min_time is undefined for PFT (::j) ',j
1080	CALL ipslerr_p(3,'stomate phenology','hum_min_time is undefined for this PFT','','')
1081
1082	ENDIF
1083
1084	!
1085	!! 1.4 set the critical monthly moisture availability above which we always detect the beginning of the
1086	!! growing season - set as the moisture availability for trees or grass.
1087	!
1088
1089	IF ( is_tree(j) ) THEN
1090	moiavail_always = moiavail_always_tree
1091	ELSE
1092	moiavail_always = moiavail_always_grass
1093	ENDIF
1094
1095	!
1096	!! 2. Check if biometeorological conditions are favourable for leaf growth.
1097	!! The PFT has to be there and start of growing season must be allowed.
1098	!
1099
1100	DO i = 1, npts
1101
1102	IF ( PFTpresent(i,j) .AND. allow_initpheno(i,j) ) THEN
1103
1104	!! 2.1 Determine if growing season should start (if so, ::begin_leaves set to TRUE).
1105	!! The favorable season starts if the moisture minimum (::time_hum_min) was a sufficiently long
1106	!! time ago, i.e. greater than the threshold specified by the parameter ::hum_min_time
1107	!! and if the "monthly" moisture availability is lower than the "weekly"
1108	!! availability (indicating that soil moisture is increasing).
1109	!! OR if the monthly moisture availability is high enough (i.e. above the threshold value
1110	!! ::moiavail_always), initiate the growing season if this has not happened yet.
1111
1112	IF ( ( ( moiavail_week(i,j) .GT. moiavail_month(i,j) ) .AND. &
1113	( time_hum_min(i,j) .GT. hum_min_time(j) ) ) .OR. &
1114	( moiavail_month(i,j) .GE. moiavail_always ) ) THEN
1115	begin_leaves(i,j) = .TRUE.
1116	ENDIF
1117
1118	ENDIF ! PFT there and start of growing season allowed
1119
1120	ENDDO ! end loop over grid points
1121
1122	IF (printlev>=4) WRITE(numout,*) 'Leaving moi'
1123
1124	END SUBROUTINE pheno_moi
1125
1126
1127	!! ================================================================================================================================
1128	!! SUBROUTINE : pheno_humgdd
1129	!!
1130	!>\BRIEF The 'humgdd' onset model initiates leaf onset based on mixed conditions of
1131	!! temperature and moisture availability criteria.
1132	!! Currently no PFTs are assigned to this onset model.
1133	!!
1134	!! DESCRIPTION : In this model the Growing Degree Day (GDD) model (Chuine, 2000) is combined
1135	!! with the 'hum' onset model (::pheno_hum), which has previously been described,
1136	!! in order to account for dependence on both temperature and moisture conditions
1137	!! in warmer climates. \n.
1138	!! The GDD model specifies that daily temperatures above a threshold of -5
1139	!! degrees C are summed, minus this threshold, giving the GDD, starting from
1140	!! the beginning of the dormancy period (::time_lowgpp>0), i.e. since the leaves
1141	!! were lost. \n.
1142	!! The dormancy time-length is represented by the variable
1143	!! ::time_lowgpp, which is calculated in ::stomate_season. It is increased by
1144	!! the stomate time step when the weekly GPP is lower than a threshold. Otherwise
1145	!! it is set to zero. \n
1146	!! Leaf onset begins when the a PFT-dependent GDD-threshold is reached.
1147	!! In addition there are temperature and moisture conditions.
1148	!! The temperature condition specifies that the monthly temperature has to be
1149	!! higher than a constant threshold (::t_always) OR
1150	!! the weekly temperature is higher than the monthly temperature.
1151	!! There has to be at least some moisture. The moisture condition
1152	!! is exactly the same as the 'hum' onset model (::pheno_hum), which has already
1153	!! been described. \n
1154	!! The GDD (::gdd_m5_dormance) is calculated in ::stomate_season. GDD is set to
1155	!! undef if beginning of the growing season detected, i.e. when there is GPP
1156	!! (::time_lowgpp>0).
1157	!! The parameter ::t_always is defined as 10 degrees C in this subroutine,
1158	!! as are the parameters ::moisture_avail_tree and ::moisture_avail_grass
1159	!! (set to 1 and 0.6 respectively), which are used in the moisture condition
1160	!! (see ::pheno_moi onset model description). \n
1161	!! The PFT-dependent GDD threshold (::gdd_crit) is calculated as in the onset
1162	!! model ::pheno_humgdd, using the equation:
1163	!! \latexonly
1164	!! \input{phenology_hummoigdd_gddcrit_eqn4.tex}
1165	!! \endlatexonly
1166	!! \n
1167	!! The three GDDcrit parameters (::gdd(j,*)) are set for each PFT in
1168	!! ::stomate_data, and three tables defining each of the three critical GDD
1169	!! parameters for each PFT is given in ::gdd_crit1_tab, ::gdd_crit2_tab and
1170	!! ::gdd_crit3_tab in ::stomate_constants. \n
1171	!! The ::pheno_humgdd subroutine is called in the subroutine ::phenology.
1172	!!
1173	!! RECENT CHANGES: None
1174	!!
1175	!! MAIN OUTPUT VARIABLES: ::begin_leaves - specifies whether leaf growth can start
1176	!!
1177	!! REFERENCE(S) :
1178	!! - Botta, A., N. Viovy, P. Ciais, P. Friedlingstein and P. Monfray (2000),
1179	!! A global prognostic scheme of leaf onset using satellite data,
1180	!! Global Change Biology, 207, 337-347.
1181	!! - Chuine, I (2000), A unified model for the budburst of trees, Journal of
1182	!! Theoretical Biology, 207, 337-347.
1183	!! - Krinner, G., N. Viovy, N. de Noblet-Ducoudre, J. Ogee, J. Polcher, P.
1184	!! Friedlingstein, P. Ciais, S. Sitch and I.C. Prentice (2005), A dynamic global
1185	!! vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system, Global
1186	!! Biogeochemical Cycles, 19, doi:10.1029/2003GB002199.
1187	!!
1188	!! FLOWCHART :
1189	!! \latexonly
1190	!! \includegraphics[scale = 1]{pheno_humgdd.png}
1191	!! \endlatexonly
1192	!! \n
1193	!_ ================================================================================================================================
1194
1195	SUBROUTINE pheno_humgdd (npts, j, PFTpresent, allow_initpheno, gdd, &
1196	maxmoiavail_lastyear, minmoiavail_lastyear, &
1197	t2m_longterm, t2m_month, t2m_week, &
1198	moiavail_week, moiavail_month, &
1199	begin_leaves)
1200
1201	!
1202	!! 0. Variable and parameter declaration
1203	!
1204
1205	!
1206	!! 0.1 Input variables
1207	!
1208	INTEGER(i_std), INTENT(in) :: npts !! Domain size - number of grid cells
1209	!! (unitless)
1210	INTEGER(i_std), INTENT(in) :: j !! PFT index (unitless)
1211	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: PFTpresent !! PFT exists (true/false)
1212	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: allow_initpheno !! are we allowed to declare the beginning
1213	!! of the growing season? (true/false)
1214	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: gdd !! growing degree days, calculated since
1215	!! leaves have fallen (C)
1216	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: maxmoiavail_lastyear !! last year's maximum moisture
1217	!! availability (0-1, unitless)
1218	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: minmoiavail_lastyear !! last year's minimum moisture
1219	!! availability (0-1, unitless)
1220	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts), INTENT(in) :: t2m_longterm !! "long term" 2 meter temperatures (K)
1221	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts), INTENT(in) :: t2m_month !! "monthly" 2-meter temperatures (K)
1222	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts), INTENT(in) :: t2m_week !! "weekly" 2-meter temperatures (K)
1223	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: moiavail_week !! "weekly" moisture availability
1224	!! (0-1, unitless)
1225	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: moiavail_month !! "monthly" moisture availability
1226	!! (0-1, unitless)
1227
1228	!
1229	!! 0.2 Output variables
1230	!
1231	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(inout) :: begin_leaves !! signal to start putting leaves on
1232	!! (true/false)
1233
1234	!
1235	!! 0.3 Modified variables
1236	!
1237
1238	!
1239	!! 0.4 Local variables
1240	!
1241	REAL(r_std) :: moiavail_always !! critical moisture availability -
1242	!! set for tree or grass
1243	!! (0-1, unitless)
1244	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts) :: moiavail_crit !! critical moisture availability
1245	!! (0-1, unitless)
1246	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts) :: tl !! long term temperature (C)
1247	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts) :: gdd_crit !! critical GDD (C)
1248	INTEGER(i_std) :: i !! index (unitless)
1249
1250	!_ ================================================================================================================================
1251
1252	IF (printlev>=3) WRITE(numout,*) 'Entering humgdd'
1253
1254	!
1255	!! 1. Initializations
1256	!
1257
1258	!
1259	!! 1.1 first call - outputs the name of the onset model, the values of the
1260	!! moisture availability parameters for tree and grass, and the value of the
1261	!! critical monthly temperature.
1262	!
1263
1264	IF ( firstcall_humgdd ) THEN
1265
1266	WRITE(numout,*) 'pheno_humgdd:'
1267	WRITE(numout,*) ' > moisture availability above which moisture tendency doesn''t matter: '
1268	WRITE(numout,*) ' trees (::moiavail_always_tree): ', moiavail_always_tree
1269	WRITE(numout,*) ' grasses (::moiavail_always_grass): ', moiavail_always_grass
1270	WRITE(numout,*) ' > monthly temp. above which temp. tendency doesn''t matter: ', &
1271	t_always
1272
1273	firstcall_humgdd = .FALSE.
1274
1275	ENDIF
1276
1277	!
1278	!! 1.2 initialize output
1279	!
1280
1281	begin_leaves(:,j) = .FALSE.
1282
1283	!
1284	!! 1.3 check the critical values ::gdd and ::pheno_crit_hum_frac are defined.
1285	!! If not, stop.
1286	!
1287
1288	IF ( ANY(pheno_gdd_crit(j,:) .EQ. undef) ) THEN
1289
1290	WRITE(numout,*) 'humgdd: pheno_gdd_crit is undefined for PFT (::j) ',j
1291	CALL ipslerr_p(3,'stomate phenology','pheno_gdd_crit is undefined for this PFT','','')
1292
1293	ENDIF
1294
1295	IF ( hum_frac(j) .EQ. undef ) THEN
1296
1297	WRITE(numout,*) 'humgdd: hum_frac is undefined for PFT (::j) ',j
1298	CALL ipslerr_p(3,'stomate phenology','hum_frac is undefined for this PFT','','')
1299
1300	ENDIF
1301
1302	!
1303	!! 1.4 set the critical moisture availability above which we always detect the beginning of the
1304	!! growing season - set as the moisture availability for trees or grass.
1305	!
1306
1307	IF ( is_tree(j) ) THEN
1308	moiavail_always = moiavail_always_tree
1309	ELSE
1310	moiavail_always = moiavail_always_grass
1311	ENDIF
1312
1313	!
1314	!! 2. Check if biometeorological conditions are favourable for leaf growth.
1315	!! The PFT has to be there, start of growing season must be allowed,
1316	!! and GDD has to be defined.
1317	!
1318
1319	DO i = 1, npts
1320
1321	IF ( PFTpresent(i,j) .AND. allow_initpheno(i,j) .AND. &
1322	( gdd(i,j) .NE. undef ) ) THEN
1323
1324	!! 2.1 Calculate the critical weekly moisture availability: depends linearly on the last year
1325	!! minimum and maximum moisture availabilities, and on the parameter ::hum_frac.,
1326	!! (as in the ::pheno_hum model), as per the equation:
1327
1328	moiavail_crit(i) = minmoiavail_lastyear(i,j) + hum_frac(j) * &
1329	( maxmoiavail_lastyear(i,j) - minmoiavail_lastyear(i,j) )
1330
1331	!! 2.2 Calculate the critical GDD (::gdd_crit), which is a function of the PFT-dependent
1332	!! critical GDD and the "long term" 2 meter air temperatures.
1333
1334	tl(i) = t2m_longterm(i) - ZeroCelsius
1335	gdd_crit(i) = pheno_gdd_crit(j,1) + tl(i)*pheno_gdd_crit(j,2) + &
1336	tl(i)tl(i)pheno_gdd_crit(j,3)
1337
1338	!! 2.3 Determine if the growing season should start (if so, ::begin_leaves set to TRUE).
1339	!! - Has the critical gdd been reached and is the temperature increasing?
1340	!! - Is there at least some humidity/moisture availability?
1341	!! This occurs if the critical gdd (::gdd_crit) has been reached
1342	!! AND that is temperature increasing, which is true either if the monthly
1343	!! temperature being higher than the threshold ::t_always, OR if the weekly
1344	!! temperature is higher than the monthly,
1345	!! AND finally that there is sufficient moisture availability, which is
1346	!! the same condition as for the ::pheno_hum onset model.
1347
1348	IF ( ( gdd(i,j) .GE. gdd_crit(i) ) .AND. &
1349	( ( t2m_week(i) .GT. t2m_month(i) ) .OR. &
1350	( t2m_month(i) .GT. t_always ) ) .AND. &
1351	( ( ( moiavail_week(i,j) .GE. moiavail_crit(i) ) .AND. &
1352	( moiavail_month(i,j) .LT. moiavail_crit(i) ) ) .OR. &
1353	( moiavail_month(i,j) .GE. moiavail_always ) ) ) THEN
1354	begin_leaves(i,j) = .TRUE.
1355	ENDIF
1356
1357	ENDIF ! PFT there and start of growing season allowed
1358
1359	ENDDO ! End loop over grid points
1360
1361	IF (printlev>=4) WRITE(numout,*) 'Leaving humgdd'
1362
1363	END SUBROUTINE pheno_humgdd
1364
1365
1366	!! ================================================================================================================================
1367	!! SUBROUTINE : pheno_moigdd
1368	!!
1369	!>\BRIEF The 'moigdd' onset model initiates leaf onset based on mixed temperature
1370	!! and moisture availability criteria.
1371	!! Currently PFTs 10 - 13 (C3 and C4 grass, and C3 and C4 agriculture)
1372	!! are assigned to this model.
1373	!!
1374	!! DESCRIPTION : This onset model combines the GDD model (Chuine, 2000), as described for
1375	!! the 'humgdd' onset model (::pheno_humgdd), and the 'moi' model, in order
1376	!! to account for dependence on both temperature and moisture conditions in
1377	!! warmer climates. \n
1378	!! Leaf onset begins when the a PFT-dependent GDD threshold is reached.
1379	!! In addition there are temperature and moisture conditions.
1380	!! The temperature condition specifies that the monthly temperature has to be
1381	!! higher than a constant threshold (::t_always) OR
1382	!! the weekly temperature is higher than the monthly temperature.
1383	!! There has to be at least some moisture. The moisture condition
1384	!! is exactly the same as the 'moi' onset model (::pheno_moi), which has
1385	!! already been described. \n
1386	!! GDD is set to undef if beginning of the growing season detected.
1387	!! As in the ::pheno_humgdd model, the parameter ::t_always is defined as
1388	!! 10 degrees C in this subroutine, as are the parameters ::moisture_avail_tree
1389	!! and ::moisture_avail_grass (set to 1 and 0.6 respectively), which are used
1390	!! in the moisture condition (see ::pheno_moi onset model description). \n
1391	!! The PFT-dependent GDD threshold (::gdd_crit) is calculated as in the onset
1392	!! model ::pheno_humgdd, using the equation:
1393	!! \latexonly
1394	!! \input{phenology_hummoigdd_gddcrit_eqn4.tex}
1395	!! \endlatexonly
1396	!! \n
1397	!! where i and j are the grid cell and PFT respectively.
1398	!! The three GDDcrit parameters (::gdd(j,*)) are set for each PFT in
1399	!! ::stomate_data, and three tables defining each of the three critical GDD
1400	!! parameters for each PFT is given in ::gdd_crit1_tab, ::gdd_crit2_tab and
1401	!! ::gdd_crit3_tab in ::stomate_constants. \n
1402	!! The ::pheno_moigdd subroutine is called in the subroutine ::phenology.
1403	!!
1404	!! RECENT CHANGE(S): Added temperature threshold for C4 grass (pheno_moigdd_t_crit), Dan Zhu april 2015
1405	!!
1406	!! MAIN OUTPUT VARIABLE(S): ::begin_leaves - specifies whether leaf growth can start
1407	!!
1408	!! REFERENCE(S) :
1409	!! - Botta, A., N. Viovy, P. Ciais, P. Friedlingstein and P. Monfray (2000),
1410	!! A global prognostic scheme of leaf onset using satellite data,
1411	!! Global Change Biology, 207, 337-347.
1412	!! - Chuine, I (2000), A unified model for the budburst of trees, Journal of
1413	!! Theoretical Biology, 207, 337-347.
1414	!! - Krinner, G., N. Viovy, N. de Noblet-Ducoudre, J. Ogee, J. Polcher, P.
1415	!! Friedlingstein, P. Ciais, S. Sitch and I.C. Prentice (2005), A dynamic global
1416	!! vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system, Global
1417	!! Biogeochemical Cycles, 19, doi:10.1029/2003GB002199.
1418	!! - Still et al., Global distribution of C3 and C4 vegetation: Carbon cycle implications,
1419	!! 2003, Global Biogeochemmical Cycles, DOI: 10.1029/2001GB001807.
1420	!!
1421	!! FLOWCHART :
1422	!! \latexonly
1423	!! \includegraphics[scale = 1]{pheno_moigdd.png}
1424	!! \endlatexonly
1425	!! \n
1426	!_ ================================================================================================================================
1427
1428	SUBROUTINE pheno_moigdd (npts, j, PFTpresent, allow_initpheno, gdd, &
1429	time_hum_min, &
1430	t2m_longterm, t2m_month, t2m_week, &
1431	moiavail_week, moiavail_month, &
1432	begin_leaves)
1433
1434	!
1435	!! 0. Variable and parameter declaration
1436	!
1437
1438	!
1439	!! 0.1 Input variables
1440	!
1441	INTEGER(i_std), INTENT(in) :: npts !! Domain size - number of grid cells (unitless)
1442	INTEGER(i_std), INTENT(in) :: j !! PFT index (unitless)
1443	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: PFTpresent !! PFT exists (true/false)
1444	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: allow_initpheno !! are we allowed to decalre the beginning of the
1445	!! growing season? (true/false)
1446	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: gdd !! growing degree days, calculated since leaves
1447	!! have fallen (C)
1448	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: time_hum_min !! time elapsed since strongest moisture
1449	!! availability (days)
1450	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts), INTENT(in) :: t2m_longterm !! "long term" 2 meter temperatures (K)
1451	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts), INTENT(in) :: t2m_month !! "monthly" 2-meter temperatures (K)
1452	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts), INTENT(in) :: t2m_week !! "weekly" 2-meter temperatures (K)
1453	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: moiavail_week !! "weekly" moisture availability (0-1, unitless)
1454	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: moiavail_month !! "monthly" moisture availability (0-1, unitless)
1455
1456	!
1457	!! 0.2 Output variables
1458	!
1459
1460	!
1461	!! 0.3 Modified variables
1462	!
1463	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(inout) :: begin_leaves !! signal to start putting leaves on (true/false)
1464
1465	!
1466	!! 0.4 Local variables
1467	!
1468	REAL(r_std) :: moiavail_always !! critical moisture availability -
1469	!! set for tree or grass
1470	!! (0-1, unitless)
1471	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts) :: tl !! long term temperature (C)
1472	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts) :: gdd_crit !! critical GDD (C)
1473	INTEGER(i_std) :: i !! index (unitless)
1474
1475	!_ ================================================================================================================================
1476
1477	IF (printlev>=3) WRITE(numout,*) 'Entering moigdd'
1478
1479	!
1480	!! 1. Initializations
1481	!
1482
1483	!
1484	!! 1.1 first call - outputs the name of the onset model, the values of the
1485	!! moisture availability parameters for tree and grass, and the value of the
1486	!! critical monthly temperature.
1487	!
1488
1489	IF ( firstcall_moigdd ) THEN
1490
1491	WRITE(numout,*) 'pheno_moigdd:'
1492	WRITE(numout,*) ' > moisture availability above which moisture tendency doesn''t matter: '
1493	WRITE(numout,*) ' trees (::moiavail_always_tree) :', moiavail_always_tree
1494	WRITE(numout,*) ' grasses (::moiavail_always_grass) :', moiavail_always_grass
1495	WRITE(numout,*) ' > monthly temp. above which temp. tendency doesn''t matter (::t_always): ', &
1496	t_always
1497
1498	firstcall_moigdd = .FALSE.
1499
1500	ENDIF
1501
1502	!
1503	!! 1.2 initialize output
1504	!
1505
1506	begin_leaves(:,j) = .FALSE.
1507
1508	!
1509	!! 1.3 check the critical values ::gdd and ::pheno_crit_hum_min_time are defined.
1510	!! If not, stop.
1511	!
1512
1513	IF ( ANY(pheno_gdd_crit(j,:) .EQ. undef) ) THEN
1514
1515	WRITE(numout,*) 'moigdd: pheno_gdd_crit is undefined for PFT',j
1516	CALL ipslerr_p(3,'stomate phenology','pheno_gdd is undefined for this PFT','','')
1517
1518	ENDIF
1519
1520	IF ( hum_min_time(j) .EQ. undef ) THEN
1521
1522	WRITE(numout,*) 'moigdd: hum_min_time is undefined for PFT',j
1523	CALL ipslerr_p(3,'stomate phenology','hum_min is undefined for this PFT','','')
1524
1525	ENDIF
1526
1527	!
1528	!! 1.4 set the critical moisture availability above which we always detect the beginning of the
1529	!! growing season - set as the moisture availability for trees or grass.
1530	!
1531
1532	IF ( is_tree(j) ) THEN
1533	moiavail_always = moiavail_always_tree
1534	ELSE
1535	moiavail_always = moiavail_always_grass
1536	ENDIF
1537
1538	!
1539	!! 2. Check if biometeorological conditions are favourable for leaf growth.
1540	!! The PFT has to be there, the start of growing season must be allowed,
1541	!! and GDD has to be defined.
1542	!
1543
1544	DO i = 1, npts
1545
1546	IF ( PFTpresent(i,j) .AND. allow_initpheno(i,j) .AND. &
1547	( gdd(i,j) .NE. undef ) ) THEN
1548
1549	!! 2.1 Calculate the critical GDD (::gdd_crit), which is a function of the PFT-dependent
1550	!! critical GDD and the "long term" 2 meter air temperatures
1551
1552	tl(i) = t2m_longterm(i) - ZeroCelsius
1553	gdd_crit(i) = pheno_gdd_crit(j,1) + tl(i)*pheno_gdd_crit(j,2) + &
1554	tl(i)tl(i)pheno_gdd_crit(j,3)
1555
1556	!! 2.2 Determine if the growing season should start (if so, ::begin_leaves set to TRUE).
1557	!! This occurs if the critical gdd (::gdd_crit) has been reached
1558	!! AND that is temperature increasing, which is true either if the monthly
1559	!! temperature being higher than the threshold ::t_always, OR if the weekly
1560	!! temperature is higher than the monthly,
1561	!! AND finally that there is sufficient moisture availability, which is
1562	!! the same condition as for the ::pheno_moi onset model.
1563	!! AND when pheno_moigdd_t_crit is set(for C4 grass), if the average temperature threshold is reached
1564
1565	IF ( ( gdd(i,j) .GE. gdd_crit(i) ) .AND. &
1566	( ( t2m_week(i) .GT. t2m_month(i) ) .OR. &
1567	( t2m_month(i) .GT. t_always ) ) .AND. &
1568	( ( ( time_hum_min(i,j) .GT. hum_min_time(j) ) .AND. &
1569	( moiavail_week(i,j) .GT. moiavail_month(i,j) ) ) .OR. &
1570	( moiavail_month(i,j) .GE. moiavail_always ) ) .AND. &
1571	( ( pheno_moigdd_t_crit(j) == undef ) .OR. &
1572	(t2m_month(i) .GT. (ZeroCelsius + pheno_moigdd_t_crit(j))) ) ) THEN
1573
1574	begin_leaves(i,j) = .TRUE.
1575
1576	ENDIF
1577
1578	ENDIF ! PFT there and start of growing season allowed
1579
1580	ENDDO
1581
1582	IF (printlev>=4) WRITE(numout,*) 'Leaving moigdd'
1583
1584	END SUBROUTINE pheno_moigdd
1585
1586
1587	!! ================================================================================================================================
1588	!! SUBROUTINE : pheno_ncdgdd
1589	!!
1590	!>\BRIEF The Number of Chilling Days - Growing Degree Day (NCD-GDD) model initiates
1591	!! leaf onset if a certain relationship between the number of chilling days (NCD)
1592	!! since leaves were lost, and the growing degree days (GDD) since midwinter, is
1593	!! fulfilled.
1594	!! Currently PFT 6 (Temperate Broad-leaved Summergreen) and PFT 8 (Boreal Broad-
1595	!! leaved Summergreen) are assigned to this model.
1596	!!
1597	!! DESCRIPTION : Experiments have shown that some
1598	!! species have a "chilling" requirement, i.e. their physiology needs cold
1599	!! temperatures to trigger the mechanism that will allow the following budburst
1600	!! (e.g. Orlandi et al., 2004).
1601	!! An increase in chilling days, defined as a day with a daily mean air
1602	!! temperature below a PFT-dependent threshold, reduces a plant's GDD demand
1603	!! (Cannell and Smith, 1986; Murray et al., (1989); Botta et al., 2000).
1604	!! The GDD threshold therefore decreases as NCD
1605	!! increases, using the following empirical negative explonential law:
1606	!! \latexonly
1607	!! \input{phenology_ncdgdd_gddmin_eqn5.tex}
1608	!! \endlatexonly
1609	!! \n
1610	!! The constants used have been calibrated against data CHECK FOR REFERENCE OR PERSON WHO DID UPDATE.
1611	!! Leaf onset begins if the GDD is higher than the calculated minimum GDD
1612	!! (dependent upon NCD) AND if the weekly temperature is higher than the monthly
1613	!! temperature. This is to ensure the temperature is increasing. \n
1614	!! The dormancy time-length is represented by the variable
1615	!! ::time_lowgpp, which is calculated in ::stomate_season. It is increased by
1616	!! the stomate time step when the weekly GPP is lower than a threshold. Otherwise
1617	!! it is set to zero. \n
1618	!! The NCD (::ncd_dormance) is calculated in ::stomate_season as
1619	!! the number of days with a temperature below a PFT-dependent constant threshold
1620	!! (::ncdgdd_temp), starting from the beginning of the dormancy period
1621	!! (::time_lowgpp>0), i.e. since the leaves were lost. \n
1622	!! The growing degree day sum of the temperatures higher than
1623	!! ::ncdgdd_temp (GDD) since midwinter (::gdd_midwinter)
1624	!! is also calculated in ::stomate_season.
1625	!! Midwinter is detected if the monthly temperature is lower than the weekly
1626	!! temperature AND the monthly temperature is lower than the long-term
1627	!! temperature. ::gdd_minter is therefore set to 0 at the beginning of midwinter
1628	!! and increased with each temperature greater than the PFT-dependent threshold.
1629	!! When midsummer is detected (the opposite of the above conditions),
1630	!! ::gdd_midwinter is set to undef.
1631	!! CHECK! WHEN TO START OF DORMANCY BEEN MODIFIED FROM BOTTA- ADD IN?
1632	!! The ::pheno_ncdgdd subroutine is called in the subroutine ::phenology.
1633	!!
1634	!! RECENT CHANGE(S): None
1635	!!
1636	!! MAIN OUTPUT VARIABLE(S): ::begin_leaves - specifies whether leaf growth can start
1637	!!
1638	!! REFERENCE(S) :
1639	!! - Botta, A., N. Viovy, P. Ciais, P. Friedlingstein and P. Monfray (2000),
1640	!! A global prognostic scheme of leaf onset using satellite data,
1641	!! Global Change Biology, 207, 337-347.
1642	!! - Cannell, M.J.R. and R.I. Smith (1986), Climatic warming, spring budburst and
1643	!! frost damage on trees, Journal of Applied Ecology, 23, 177-191.
1644	!! - Krinner, G., N. Viovy, N. de Noblet-Ducoudre, J. Ogee, J. Polcher, P.
1645	!! Friedlingstein, P. Ciais, S. Sitch and I.C. Prentice (2005), A dynamic global
1646	!! vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system, Global
1647	!! Biogeochemical Cycles, 19, doi:10.1029/2003GB002199.
1648	!! - Murray, M.B., G.R. Cannell and R.I. Smith (1989), Date of budburst of fifteen
1649	!! tree species in Britain following climatic warming, Journal of Applied Ecology,
1650	!! 26, 693-700.
1651	!! - Orlandi, F., H. Garcia-Mozo, L.V. Ezquerra, B. Romano, E. Dominquez, C. Galan,
1652	!! and M. Fornaciari (2004), Phenological olive chilling requirements in Umbria
1653	!! (Italy) and Andalusia (Spain), Plant Biosystems, 138, 111-116.
1654	!!
1655	!! FLOWCHART :
1656	!! \latexonly
1657	!! \includegraphics[scale = 1]{pheno_ncdgdd.png}
1658	!! \endlatexonly
1659	!! \n
1660	!_ ================================================================================================================================
1661
1662	SUBROUTINE pheno_ncdgdd (npts, j, PFTpresent, allow_initpheno, &
1663	ncd_dormance, gdd_midwinter, &
1664	t2m_month, t2m_week, begin_leaves)
1665
1666	!
1667	!! 0. Variable and parameter declaration
1668	!
1669
1670	!
1671	!! 0.1 Input variables
1672	!
1673	INTEGER(i_std), INTENT(in) :: npts !! Domain size - number of grid cells (unitless)
1674	INTEGER(i_std), INTENT(in) :: j !! PFT index (unitless)
1675	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: PFTpresent !! PFT exists (true/false)
1676	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: allow_initpheno !! are we allowed to declare the beginning of the
1677	!! growing season? (true/false)
1678	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: ncd_dormance !! number of chilling days since leaves were lost
1679	!! (days)
1680	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(inout) :: gdd_midwinter !! growing degree days since midwinter (C)
1681	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts), INTENT(in) :: t2m_month !! "monthly" 2-meter temperatures (K)
1682	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts), INTENT(in) :: t2m_week !! "weekly" 2-meter temperatures (K)
1683
1684	!
1685	!! 0.2 Output variables
1686	!
1687
1688	!
1689	!! 0.3 Modified variables
1690	!
1691	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(inout) :: begin_leaves !! signal to start putting leaves on (true/false)
1692
1693	!
1694	!! 0.4 Local variables
1695	!
1696	INTEGER(i_std) :: i !! index (unitless)
1697	REAL(r_std) :: gdd_min !! critical gdd (C)
1698
1699	!_ ================================================================================================================================
1700
1701	IF (printlev>=3) WRITE(numout,*) 'Entering ncdgdd'
1702
1703	!
1704	!! 1. Initializations
1705	!
1706
1707	!
1708	!! 1.1 initialize output
1709	!
1710
1711	begin_leaves(:,j) = .FALSE.
1712
1713	!
1714	!! 1.2 check the critical value ::ncdgdd_temp is defined.
1715	!! If not, stop.
1716	!
1717
1718	IF ( ncdgdd_temp(j) .EQ. undef ) THEN
1719
1720	WRITE(numout,*) 'ncdgdd: ncdgdd_temp is undefined for PFT (::j) ',j
1721	CALL ipslerr_p(3,'stomate phenology','ncdgdd_temp this PFT','','')
1722
1723	ENDIF
1724
1725	!
1726	!! 2. Check if biometeorological conditions are favourable for leaf growth.
1727	!! PFT has to be there and start of growing season must be allowed.
1728	!
1729
1730	DO i = 1, npts ! loop over grid points
1731
1732	IF ( PFTpresent(i,j) .AND. allow_initpheno(i,j) .AND. &
1733	( gdd_midwinter(i,j) .NE. undef ) .AND. &
1734	( ncd_dormance(i,j) .NE. undef ) ) THEN
1735
1736	!! 2.1 Calculate the critical gdd, which is related to ::ncd_dormance
1737	!! using an empirical negative exponential law as described above.
1738
1739	gdd_min = ( gddncd_ref / exp(gddncd_curve*ncd_dormance(i,j)) - gddncd_offset )
1740
1741	!! 2.2 Determine if the growing season should start (if so, ::begin_leaves set to TRUE).
1742	!! This occurs if the critical GDD been reached AND the temperatures are increasing.
1743	!! If the growing season has started, ::gdd_midwinter is set to "undef".
1744
1745	IF ( ( gdd_midwinter(i,j) .GE. gdd_min ) .AND. &
1746	( t2m_week(i) .GT. t2m_month(i) ) ) THEN
1747	begin_leaves(i,j) = .TRUE.
1748	gdd_midwinter(i,j)=undef
1749	ENDIF
1750
1751	ENDIF ! PFT there and start of growing season allowed
1752
1753	ENDDO ! end loop over grid points
1754
1755	IF (printlev>=4) WRITE(numout,*) 'Leaving ncdgdd'
1756
1757	END SUBROUTINE pheno_ncdgdd
1758
1759
1760	!! ================================================================================================================================
1761	!! SUBROUTINE : pheno_ngd
1762	!!
1763	!>\BRIEF The Number of Growing Days (NGD) leaf onset model initiates leaf onset if the NGD,
1764	!! defined as the number of days with temperature above a constant threshold,
1765	!! exceeds a critical value.
1766	!! Currently PFT 9 (Boreal Leedleleaf Summergreen) is assigned to this model.
1767	!!
1768	!! DESCRIPTION The NGD model is a variant of the GDD model. The model was proposed by Botta et
1769	!! al. (2000) for boreal and arctic biomes, and is designed to estimate
1770	!! leaf onset after the end of soil frost.
1771	!! The NDG (::ngd_minus5) is the number of days with a daily mean air
1772	!! temperature of greater than -5 degrees C,
1773	!! starting from the beginning of the dormancy period (i.e. time since the leaves
1774	!! were lost/GPP below a certain threshold).
1775	!! Leaf onset begins if the NGD is higher than the PFT-dependent constant threshold,
1776	!! ::ngd, AND if the weekly temperature is higher than the monthly
1777	!! temperature. \n
1778	!! The dormancy time-length is represented by the variable
1779	!! ::time_lowgpp, which is calculated in ::stomate_season. It is increased by
1780	!! the stomate time step when the weekly GPP is lower than a threshold. Otherwise
1781	!! it is set to zero. \n
1782	!! ::ngd_minus5 is also calculated in ::stomate_season. It is initialised at the
1783	!! beginning of the dormancy period (::time_lowgpp>0), and increased by the
1784	!! stomate time step when the temperature > -5 degrees C. \n
1785	!! ::ngd is set for each PFT in ::stomate_data, and a
1786	!! table defining the minimum NGD for each PFT is given in ::ngd_crit_tab
1787	!! in ::stomate_constants. \n
1788	!! The ::pheno_ngd subroutine is called in the subroutine ::phenology.
1789	!!
1790	!! RECENT CHANGE(S): None
1791	!!
1792	!! MAIN OUTPUT VARIABLE(S): ::begin_leaves - specifies whether leaf growth can start
1793	!!
1794	!! REFERENCE(S) :
1795	!! - Botta, A., N. Viovy, P. Ciais, P. Friedlingstein and P. Monfray (2000),
1796	!! A global prognostic scheme of leaf onset using satellite data,
1797	!! Global Change Biology, 207, 337-347.
1798	!! - Krinner, G., N. Viovy, N. de Noblet-Ducoudre, J. Ogee, J. Polcher, P.
1799	!! Friedlingstein, P. Ciais, S. Sitch and I.C. Prentice (2005), A dynamic global
1800	!! vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system, Global
1801	!! Biogeochemical Cycles, 19, doi:10.1029/2003GB002199.
1802	!!
1803	!! FLOWCHART :
1804	!! \latexonly
1805	!! \includegraphics[scale = 1]{pheno_ngd.png}
1806	!! \endlatexonly
1807	!! \n
1808	!_ ================================================================================================================================
1809
1810	SUBROUTINE pheno_ngd (npts, j, PFTpresent, allow_initpheno, ngd, &
1811	t2m_month, t2m_week, begin_leaves)
1812
1813	!
1814	!! 0. Variable and parameter declaration
1815	!
1816
1817	!
1818	!! 0.1 Input variables
1819	!
1820	INTEGER(i_std), INTENT(in) :: npts !! Domain size - number of grid cells (unitless)
1821	INTEGER(i_std), INTENT(in) :: j !! PFT index (unitless)
1822	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: PFTpresent !! PFT exists (true/false)
1823	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: allow_initpheno !! are we allowed to declare the beginning of the
1824	!! growing season? (true/false)
1825	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(in) :: ngd !! growing degree days (C)
1826	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts), INTENT(in) :: t2m_month !! "monthly" 2-meter temperatures (K)
1827	REAL(r_std), DIMENSION(npts), INTENT(in) :: t2m_week !! "weekly" 2-meter temperatures (K)
1828
1829	!
1830	!! 0.2 Output variables
1831	!
1832
1833	!
1834	!! 0.3 Modified variables
1835	!
1836	LOGICAL, DIMENSION(npts,nvm), INTENT(inout) :: begin_leaves !! signal to start putting leaves on (true/false)
1837
1838	!
1839	!! 0.4 Local variables
1840	!
1841	INTEGER(i_std) :: i !! index (unitless)
1842
1843	!! =========================================================================
1844
1845	IF (printlev>=3) WRITE(numout,*) 'Entering ngd'
1846
1847	!
1848	!! 1. Initializations
1849	!
1850
1851	!
1852	!! 1.1 initialize output
1853	!
1854
1855	begin_leaves(:,j) = .FALSE.
1856
1857	!
1858	!! 1.2 check the critical value ::ngd_crit is defined.
1859	!! If not, stop.
1860	!
1861
1862	IF ( ngd_crit(j) .EQ. undef ) THEN
1863
1864	WRITE(numout,*) 'ngd: ngd_crit is undefined for PFT (::j) ',j
1865	CALL ipslerr_p(3,'stomate phenology','ngd_crit is undefined for this PFT','','')
1866
1867	ENDIF
1868
1869	!
1870	!! 2. Check if biometeorological conditions are favourable for leaf growth.
1871	!! PFT has to be there and start of growing season must be allowed.
1872	!
1873
1874	DO i = 1, npts
1875
1876	IF ( PFTpresent(i,j) .AND. allow_initpheno(i,j) ) THEN
1877
1878	!! 2.1 Determine if the growing season should start (if so, ::begin_leaves set to TRUE).
1879	!! This occurs if the critical NGD has been reached AND are temperatures increasing.
1880
1881	IF ( ( ngd(i,j) .GE. ngd_crit(j) ) .AND. &
1882	( t2m_week(i) .GT. t2m_month(i) ) ) THEN
1883	begin_leaves(i,j) = .TRUE.
1884	ENDIF
1885
1886	ENDIF ! PFT there and start of growing season allowed
1887
1888	ENDDO ! end loop over grid points
1889
1890	IF (printlev>=4) WRITE(numout,*) 'Leaving ngd'
1891
1892	END SUBROUTINE pheno_ngd
1893
1894	END MODULE stomate_phenology

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